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      Early psychological intervention following recent trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis Translated title: 近期创伤后的早期心理干预:系统综述和元分析 Translated title: Intervención psicológica temprana tras un trauma reciente: una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis

      review-article
      a , b , b , c , d , b , b
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological intervention, early intervention, prevention, systematic review, meta-analysis, Trastorno de estres postraumático, intervencion psicológica, intervención temprana, prevención, Revisión Sistemática, meta-análisis, 创伤后应激障碍, 心理干预, 早期干预, 预防, 系统综述, 元分析, • We found no clinically important evidence for the benefit of early intervention offered to all individuals exposed to a traumatic event, regardless of symptomatology.• There was evidence of a clinically important effect for trauma-focused CBT (CBT-T), brief EMDR and cognitive therapy without exposure.• Evidence was strongest for CBT-T.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and debilitating disorder which has a significant impact on the lives of sufferers. A number of early psychological interventions have been developed to try to prevent chronic difficulties.

          Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the current evidence for the effectiveness of multiple session early psychological interventions aimed at preventing or treating traumatic stress symptoms beginning within three months of trauma exposure.

          Methods: Randomized controlled trials of early multiple session psychological interventions aimed at preventing or reducing traumatic stress symptoms of individuals exposed to a traumatic event, fulfiling trauma criteria for an ICD or DSM diagnosis of PTSD were identified through a search of the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group Clinical Trials Registers database, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and PILOTS. Two authors independently extracted study details and data and completed risk of bias assessments. Analyses were undertaken using Review Manager software. Quality of findings were rated according to ‘Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation’ (GRADE) and appraised for clinical importance.

          Results: Sixty-one studies evaluating a variety of interventions were identified. For individuals exposed to a trauma who were not pre-screened for traumatic stress symptoms there were no clinically important differences between any intervention and usual care. For individuals reporting traumatic stress symptoms we found clinically important evidence of benefits for trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT-T), cognitive therapy without exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Differences were greatest for those diagnosed with acute stress disorder (ASD) and PTSD.

          Conclusions: There is evidence for the effectiveness of several early psychological interventions for individuals with traumatic stress symptoms following trauma exposure, especially for those meeting the diagnostic threshold for ASD or PTSD. Evidence is strongest for trauma-focused CBT.

           

          Antecedentes: El Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) es un trastorno frecuente y debilitante que tiene un impacto significativo en las vidas de los que lo padecen. Se han desarrollado una serie de intervenciones psicológicas tempranas para tratar de prevenir dificultades crónicas.

          Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la evidencia actual para la eficacia de intervenciones psicológicas tempranas con múltiples sesiones con el objetivo de prevenir o tratar síntomas de estrés traumático que comenzaron en los tres meses posteriores a la exposición al trauma.

          Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica basada en la base de datos de Cochrane de Estudios Clínicos de Trastornos Mentales Frecuentes, en el registro de ensayos controlados de Cochrane, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO y PILOTS, para identificar ensayos controlados randomizados de intervenciones psicológicas tempranas de múltiples sesiones que tenían el objetivo de prevenir o reducir síntomas de estrés traumático en individuos expuestos a un evento traumático, y que cumplían los criterios de TEPT según la CIE o el DSM. Dos autores independientes extrajeron los detalles e información del estudio y completaron una evaluación de riesgo de sesgo. Se llevaron a cabo análisis usando el software Review Manager. La calidad de los hallazgos fue puntuada según los ‘Grados de Recomendación, Valoración, Desarrollo y Evaluación’ (GRADE pos sus siglas en inglés) y evaluada por su importancia clínica.

          Resultados: Se identificaron sesenta y un estudios que evaluaban una variedad de intervenciones. Para aquellos individuos que estuvieron expuestos a un trauma que no tuvieron una pre-evaluación de síntomas de estrés traumático no hubo una diferencia clínica importante entre cualquier intervención y cuidado usual. Para los individuos que reportaron síntomas de estrés traumático encontramos evidencia clínicamente significativa de los beneficios de la terapia cognitiva focalizada en el trauma (CBT-T por sus siglas en inglés), terapia cognitiva sin exposición y desensibilización y reprocesamiento a través de movimientos oculares (EMDR por sus siglas en inglés). Las diferencias fueron mayores para aquellos diagnosticados con trastornos de estrés agudo (ASD por sus siglas en inglés) y TEPT.

          Conclusiones: Existe evidencia para la eficacia de varias intervenciones psicológicas tempranas para individuos con síntomas de estrés traumático posterior a la exposición a un trauma, especialmente para aquellos que cumplen con los criterios para un diagnóstico completo de ASD o TEPT. La evidencia es más fuerte para la CBT-T.

           

          背景:创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是一种常见的, 使人衰弱的疾病,对患者的生活有重大影响。为预防发展为慢性疾病,已经开发出许多早期心理干预措施。

          目标:本研究的目的是为旨在预防或治疗创伤暴露三个月内开始出现的创伤应激症状的多阶段早期心理干预的有效性建立现有证据。

          方法:通过搜索Cochrane常见精神障碍小组临床试验注册数据库, Cochrane 临床对照试验数据库, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO 和 PILOTS,确定了早期多阶段心理干预的随机对照试验。这些干预旨在预防或减轻遭受创伤事件且符合 ICD 或 DSM 诊断 PTSD 的创伤标准的个体的创伤应激症状。两位作者分别独自提取了研究细节和数据,并完成了误差风险评估。使用 Review Manager 软件进行分析。根据‘推荐分级的评估, 制定与评价’(GRADE)对结果的质量进行评级并评估其临床重要性。

          结果:确定了评估多种干预措施的61项研究。对于有创伤暴露但未预先筛查创伤应激症状的个体,任何干预措施和日常护理间均无重要的临床差异。对于报告有创伤应激症状者,我们发现聚焦创伤的认知行为疗法(CBT-T), 无暴露认知疗法以及眼动脱敏与再加工(EMDR)效益的重要临床证据。在被诊断为急性应激障碍(ASD)和 PTSD 的患者中差异最大。

          结论:有证据表明了对于创伤暴露后患有创伤应激症状者,特别是那些达到 ASD 或 PTSD 诊断阈值的个体,几种早期心理干预的有效性。对于聚焦创伤的 CBT 证据最充分。

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          Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review.

          Disasters are traumatic events that may result in a wide range of mental and physical health consequences. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is probably the most commonly studied post-disaster psychiatric disorder. This review aimed to systematically assess the evidence about PTSD following exposure to disasters. MethodA systematic search was performed. Eligible studies for this review included reports based on the DSM criteria of PTSD symptoms. The time-frame for inclusion of reports in this review is from 1980 (when PTSD was first introduced in DSM-III) and February 2007 when the literature search for this examination was terminated. We identified 284 reports of PTSD following disasters published in peer-reviewed journals since 1980. We categorized them according to the following classification: (1) human-made disasters (n=90), (2) technological disasters (n=65), and (3) natural disasters (n=116). Since some studies reported on findings from mixed samples (e.g. survivors of flooding and chemical contamination) we grouped these studies together (n=13). The body of research conducted after disasters in the past three decades suggests that the burden of PTSD among persons exposed to disasters is substantial. Post-disaster PTSD is associated with a range of correlates including sociodemographic and background factors, event exposure characteristics, social support factors and personality traits. Relatively few studies have employed longitudinal assessments enabling documentation of the course of PTSD. Methodological limitations and future directions for research in this field are discussed.
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            What is heterogeneity and is it important?

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              Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis

              Sexual assault (SA) is a common and deleterious form of trauma. Over 40 years of research on its impact has suggested that SA has particularly severe effects on a variety of forms of psychopathology, and has highlighted unique aspects of SA as a form of trauma that contribute to these outcomes. The goal of this meta-analytic review was to synthesize the empirical literature from 1970–2014 (reflecting 497 effect sizes) to understand the degree to which (a) SA confers general risk for psychological dysfunction rather than specific risk for posttraumatic stress, and (b) differences in studies and samples account for variation in observed effects. Results indicate that people who have been sexually assaulted report significantly worse psychopathology than unassaulted comparisons (average Hedges’ g =0.61). SA was associated with increased risk for all forms of psychopathology assessed, and stronger associations were observed for posttraumatic stress and suicidality. Effects endured across differences in sample demographics. Broader SA operationalizations (e.g., including incapacitated, coerced, or nonpenetrative SA) were not associated with differences in effects, although including attempted SA in operationalizations resulted in lower effects. Larger effects were observed in samples with more assaults involving stranger perpetrators, weapons, or physical injury. In the context of the broader literature, our findings provide evidence that experiencing SA is major risk factor for multiple forms of psychological dysfunction across populations and assault types.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2019
                6 December 2019
                : 10
                : 1
                : 1695486
                Affiliations
                [a ]Psychology & Psychological Therapies Directorate, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board , Cardiff, UK
                [b ]Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff, UK
                [c ], Veterans’ NHS Wales, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board , Cardiff, UK
                [d ]Psychology and Medicine, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
                Author notes
                CONTACT Neil P. Roberts RobertsNP1@ 123456Cardiff.ac.uk Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff University , Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6277-0102
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0499-9520
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9475-8450
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3818-9377
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-1243
                Article
                1695486
                10.1080/20008198.2019.1695486
                6913678
                31853332
                3aa9f22b-aad8-4b60-8a5c-35db1fb7fc3a
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 May 2019
                : 28 October 2019
                : 29 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, References: 101, Pages: 26
                Funding
                Funded by: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
                This study was not directly funded but was undertaken as a contribution to the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies PTSD Treatment Guidelines (ISTSS) (2018). The ISTSS provided some funding to Neil Roberts, Catrin Lewis and Jonathan Bisson to attend academic meetings during the Guideline development process.
                Categories
                Review Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                post-traumatic stress disorder,psychological intervention,early intervention,prevention,systematic review,meta-analysis,trastorno de estres postraumático,intervencion psicológica,intervención temprana,prevención,revisión sistemática,meta-análisis,创伤后应激障碍,心理干预,早期干预,预防,系统综述,元分析,• we found no clinically important evidence for the benefit of early intervention offered to all individuals exposed to a traumatic event, regardless of symptomatology.• there was evidence of a clinically important effect for trauma-focused cbt (cbt-t), brief emdr and cognitive therapy without exposure.• evidence was strongest for cbt-t.

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