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      Effectiveness studies: advantages and disadvantages Translated title: Estudios de eficacia: ventajas y desventajas Translated title: Avantages et inconvénients des études d'efficacité

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          Abstract

          In recent years, so-called “effectiveness studies,” also called “real-world studies” or “pragmatic trials, ” have gained increasing importance in the context of evidencebased medicine. These studies follow less restrictive methodological standards than phase III studies in terms of patient selection, comedication, and other design issues, and their results should therefore be better generalizable than those of phase III trials. Effectiveness studies, like other types of phase IV studies, can therefore contribute to knowledge about medications and supply relevant information in addition to that gained from phase III trials. However, the less restrictive design and inherent methodological problems of phase IV studies have to be carefully considered. For example, the greater variance caused by the different kinds of confounders as well as problematic design issues, such as insensitive primary outcome criteria, unblinded treatment conditions, inclusion of chronic refractory patients, etc, can lead to wrong conclusions. Due to these methodological problems, effectiveness studies are on a principally lower level of evidence, adding only a complementary view to the results of phase III trials without falsifying their results.

          Translated abstract

          En los últimos años los así llamados “estudios de eficacia”, tambien denominados “estudios del mundo real” o “ensayos praqmáticos” han qanado una importancia creciente en el contexto de la medicina basada en la evidencia, Esios estudios siguen estándares metodológicos menos restrictivos que los estudios de fase III en términos de la seleccíon de pacientes, la comedicación y otros temas del diseño, y por lo tanto sus resultados deben ser más generalizables que los de los ensayos de fase III, Los estudios de eficacia, como otros tipos de estudios de fase IV, pueden por lo tanto contribuir al conocimiento de los medicamentos y aportar información relevante además de la que se obtiene de los ensayos de fase III. Sin embargo, el diseño menos restrictivo y los problemas metodológicos inherentes a los estudios de fase IV tienen que ser considerados cuidadosamente. Por ejemplo, la mayor varianza causada por los diferentes tipos de confundentes así como los temas de diseños problemáticos, tales como los criterios para los resultados primarios indiferentes, las condiciones de tratamientos no ciegos, la inclusión de pacientes crónicos refractarios, etc. pueden llevar a conclusiones erróneas. Debido a estos problemas metodológicos, los estudios de eficacia se encuentran principalmente en un nivel de evidencia más bajo, agregando sólo una visión complementaria a los resultados de los estudios de fase III sin desmentir sus resultados,

          Translated abstract

          Ces dernières années, les « études d'efficacité », aussi appelées « études en conditions réelles » ou « essais pragmatiques » ont acquis une importance croissante dans le contexte de la médecine basée sur les preuves. Ces études suivent des standards méthodologiques moins restrictifs que les études de phase 3 en termes deselection des patients, de traitement concomitant et d'autres problèmes de conception ; leurs résultats peuvent donc être plus facilement généralisés que ceux des études de phase 3. Les études d'efficacité, comme d'autres types d'études de phase 4, peuvent donc contribuer à la connaissance des traitements et fournir une information pertinente, s'ajouiantà celle des études de phase 3, il faut cependant soigneusement prendre en compte leur schéma moins restrictif, et les problèmes méthodologiques inhérents aux études de phase 4. Par exemple, une plus grande variance due à différentes sortes de variables confondantes et à des questions délicates de conception, comme des critères de jugement primaires non sensibles, des traitements qui n'ont pas été faits en aveugle, une inclusion de patients chroniques réfraciaires etc... peuvent conduire à des conclusions erronées. Les études d'efficacité, du fait de ces problèmes méthodologiques, sont d'un niveau de preuve nettement plus bas, n'apportant qu'un regard complémentaire sur les résultats des études de phase 3, sans les falsifier.

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          Sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D): rationale and design.

          STAR*D is a multisite, prospective, randomized, multistep clinical trial of outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder. The study compares various treatment options for those who do not attain a satisfactory response with citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant. The study enrolls 4000 adults (ages 18-75) from both primary and specialty care practices who have not had either a prior inadequate response or clear-cut intolerance to a robust trial of protocol treatments during the current major depressive episode. After receiving citalopram (level 1), participants without sufficient symptomatic benefit are eligible for randomization to level 2 treatments, which entail four switch options (sertraline, bupropion, venlafaxine, cognitive therapy) and three citalopram augment options (bupropion, buspirone, cognitive therapy). Those who receive cognitive therapy (switch or augment options) at level 2 without sufficient improvement are eligible for randomization to one of two level 2A switch options (venlafaxine or bupropion). Level 2 and 2A participants are eligible for random assignment to two switch options (mirtazapine or nortriptyline) and to two augment options (lithium or thyroid hormone) added to the primary antidepressant (citalopram, bupropion, sertraline, or venlafaxine) (level 3). Those without sufficient improvement at level 3 are eligible for level 4 random assignment to one of two switch options (tranylcypromine or the combination of mirtazapine and venlafaxine). The primary outcome is the clinician-rated, 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, administered at entry and exit from each treatment level through telephone interviews by assessors masked to treatment assignments. Secondary outcomes include self-reported depressive symptoms, physical and mental function, side-effect burden, client satisfaction, and health care utilization and cost. Participants with an adequate symptomatic response may enter the 12-month naturalistic follow-up phase with brief monthly and more complete quarterly assessments.
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            Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials.

            Randomised trials use the play of chance to assign participants to comparison groups. The unpredictability of the process, if not subverted, should prevent systematic differences between comparison groups (selection bias). Differences due to chance will still occur and these are minimised by randomising a sufficiently large number of people. To assess the effects of randomisation and concealment of allocation on the results of healthcare studies. We searched the Cochrane Methodology Register, MEDLINE, SciSearch and reference lists up to September 2009. In addition, we screened articles citing included studies (ISI Science Citation Index) and papers related to included studies (PubMed). Eligible study designs were cohorts of studies, systematic reviews or meta-analyses of healthcare interventions that compared random allocation versus non-random allocation or adequate versus inadequate/unclear concealment of allocation in randomised trials. Outcomes of interest were the magnitude and direction of estimates of effect and imbalances in prognostic factors. We retrieved and assessed studies that appeared to meet the inclusion criteria independently. At least two review authors independently appraised methodological quality and extracted information. We prepared tabular summaries of the results for each comparison and assessed the results across studies qualitatively to identify common trends or discrepancies. A total of 18 studies (systematic reviews or meta-analyses) met our inclusion criteria. Ten compared random allocation versus non-random allocation and nine compared adequate versus inadequate or unclear concealment of allocation within controlled trials. All studies were at high risk of bias.For the comparison of randomised versus non-randomised studies, four comparisons yielded inconclusive results (differed between outcomes or different modes of analysis); three comparisons showed similar results for random and non-random allocation; two comparisons had larger estimates of effect in non-randomised studies than in randomised trials; and two comparisons had larger estimates of effect in randomised than in non-randomised studies.Five studies found larger estimates of effect in trials with inadequate concealment of allocation than in trials with adequate concealment. The four other studies did not find statistically significant differences. The results of randomised and non-randomised studies sometimes differed. In some instances non-randomised studies yielded larger estimates of effect and in other instances randomised trials yielded larger estimates of effect. The results of controlled trials with adequate and inadequate/unclear concealment of allocation sometimes differed. When differences occurred, most often trials with inadequate or unclear allocation concealment yielded larger estimates of effects relative to controlled trials with adequate allocation concealment. However, it is not generally possible to predict the magnitude, or even the direction, of possible selection biases and consequent distortions of treatment effects from studies with non-random allocation or controlled trials with inadequate or unclear allocation concealment.
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              Three-year antipsychotic effectiveness in the outpatient care of schizophrenia: observational versus randomized studies results.

              Antipsychotic discontinuation rates are a powerful indicator of medication effectiveness in schizophrenia. We examined antipsychotic discontinuation in the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) study, a 3-year prospective, observational study in outpatients with schizophrenia in 10 European countries. Patients (n=7728) who started antipsychotic monotherapy were analyzed. Medication discontinuation for any cause ranged from 34% and 36% for clozapine and olanzapine, respectively, to 66% for quetiapine. Compared to olanzapine, the risk of treatment discontinuation before 36 months was significantly higher for quetiapine, risperidone, amisulpride, and typical antipsychotics (oral and depot), but similar for clozapine. Longer medication maintenance was associated with being socially active and having a longer time since first treatment contact for schizophrenia, whereas higher symptom severity, treatment with mood stabilizers, substance abuse, having hostile behaviour were associated with lower medication maintenance. Antipsychotic maintenance in SOHO was higher than the results of previous randomized studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2011
                : 13
                : 2
                : 199-207
                Affiliations
                Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.2/hmoeller
                3181999
                21842617
                3b0978df-8693-492f-ba6a-bebd3406b7db
                Copyright: © 2011 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Clinical Research

                Neurosciences
                second-generation antipsychotic (sga),effectiveness study,first-generation antipsychotic (fga),real-world study,antipsychotic

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