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      Resistencia bacteriana en Chile Translated title: Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents

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          Abstract

          La resistencia bacteriana es un fenómeno complejo en que influyen factores como el uso y abuso de los antimicrobianos, el debilitamiento de los programas de control de infecciones y la existencia de pacientes complejos multi-invadidos. Dado que la resistencia bacteriana tiene como principal consecuencia el fracaso de la terapia antimicrobiana, el aumento de la morbi-mortalidad y el aumento en los costos de la atención médica, resulta indispensable la contención del problema. La etapa inicial de la contención es conocer la magnitud de la resistencia bacteriana, lo que en nuestro país ha resultado difícil por carecer de un sistema nacional de registro, unificado, de gran cobertura y con una calidad certificada. Con los datos disponibles a la fecha obtenidos de diversas fuentes de información, resulta preocupante la emergencia de resistencia en Staphylococcus aureus a meticilina, en Streptococcus pneumoniae a penicilina, en Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae a cefalosporinas de tercera generación y de Pseudomonas aeruginosa a imipenem. En estos últimos aspectos es preocupante el aumento progresivo de resistencia de E. coli y K. pneumoniae a cefalosporinas de tercera generación por beta lactamasas de espectro extendido, que confieren resistencia a todos los beta lactámicos, cuyos test confirmatorios están escasamente implementados en nuestro país. Respecto de la resistencia de P. aeruginosa a carbapemémicos aún no es un problema de gran magnitud en Chile, pero en hospitales de alta complejidad deben existir terapias alternativas y métodos que permitan la confirmación de la resistencia a este antimicrobiano. En suma, queda manifiesta la absoluta necesidad de conocer en forma representativa y certificada las cifras de resistencia a los diferentes antimicrobianos, para adoptar las medidas terapeúticas necesarias

          Translated abstract

          Bacterial antimicrobial resistance is a complex phenomenon in which several factors as use and abuse of antimicrobial agents, weakening of infection control programs and the existence of multi invaded severely ill patients are involved. As the main consequence of bacterial resistance are antibiotic treatment failure, the enhancement of morbidity and mortality and increasing costs of medical support, it is necessary to control the problem. The initial step of containment is to know the magnitude of bacterial resistance. In our country, obtaining figures has been difficult because of the absence of a unified national surveillance program, with high coverage and a certified quality standard. With the available data at the present obtained of diverse sources of information, the emergence of resistance in Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin, in Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin, in Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae to third generation cephalosporins and in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to imipenem is concerning. The increasing resistance of E. coli and K. pneumoniae to third generation cephalosporins due to extended spectrum betalactamases synthesis is also concerning, because they confer resistance to all betalactam antibiotics and their confirmatory tests are scarcely implemented in our country. Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to carbapenems is still not a great magnitude problem in Chile, but hospitals with high complexity wards must dispose alternative drugs and methods to confirm the resistance to these antimicrobial agent. In conclusion, the absolute necessity to know in a representative and certified way the magnitude of resistance to the different antibiotic groups is evident, so as to take the necessary therapeutic measures

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          Most cited references45

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          Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the 21st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat.

          Beta-lactamases continue to be the leading cause of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among gram-negative bacteria. In recent years there has been an increased incidence and prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), enzymes that hydrolyze and cause resistance to oxyimino-cephalosporins and aztreonam. The majority of ESBLs are derived from the widespread broad-spectrum beta-lactamases TEM-1 and SHV-1. There are also new families of ESBLs, including the CTX-M and OXA-type enzymes as well as novel, unrelated beta-lactamases. Several different methods for the detection of ESBLs in clinical isolates have been suggested. While each of the tests has merit, none of the tests is able to detect all of the ESBLs encountered. ESBLs have become widespread throughout the world and are now found in a significant percentage of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in certain countries. They have also been found in other Enterobacteriaceae strains and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Strains expressing these beta-lactamases will present a host of therapeutic challenges as we head into the 21st century.
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            Health and economic outcomes of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

            Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem. To examine the clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In-hospital mortality, secondary bacteremia, length of stay, and hospital charges were examined in a cohort of 489 inpatients with positive clinical cultures for P aeruginosa. One hundred forty-four had a resistant baseline P aeruginosa isolate and 30 had resistance emerge during follow-up. Multivariable and survival analytic methods were used to adjust for confounding and effects of time. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 7.6%, 7.7% in patients with a resistant isolate at baseline (relative risk [RR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6-2.8) and 27% in patients in whom resistance emerged (RR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2-7.8). Secondary bacteremia developed in 1.4% of patients in whom resistance did not emerge and in 14% of those in whom resistance emerged (RR, 9.0; 95% CI, 2.7-30). The median duration of hospital stay following the initial P aeruginosa isolate was 7 days. Emergence of resistance, but not baseline resistance, was significantly associated with a longer hospital stay (P<.001 and P=.71, respectively). The average daily hospital charge was $2059. Neither baseline resistance nor emergence of resistance had a significant effect on the daily hospital charge. In a matched cohort analysis, a trend was seen toward increased total charges in patients demonstrating emergence of resistance (difference, $7340; P=.14). Emergence of antibiotic resistance in P aeruginosa results in severe adverse outcomes. Efforts should be directed toward early detection and prevention of emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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              Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: occurrence rates, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and molecular typing in the global SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999.

              During 1997-1999, a total of 70,067 isolates (6631 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates) were analyzed in the SENTRY program by geographic region and body site of infection. The respiratory tract was the most common source of P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa isolation rates increased during the study interval. Europe was the only region to show a significant decline in beta-lactam and aminoglycoside susceptibility rates. There was a reduction in the rates of susceptibility of Canadian isolates to imipenem and of Latin American isolates to meropenem. A total of 218 multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates (MDR-PSA; resistant to piperacillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, and gentamicin) were observed; MDR-PSA occurrence rates (percentages of all isolates) ranged from 8.2% (Latin America) to 0.9% (Canada). No antimicrobial inhibited >50% of MDR-PSA strains. Molecular characterization of selected, generally resistant strains was performed. Isolates showing unique ribogroups were found in Europe, Latin America, and the United States, but clonal spread was documented in several medical centers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rci
                Revista chilena de infectología
                Rev. chil. infectol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Infectología (Santiago, , Chile )
                0716-1018
                2003
                : 20
                : suppl 1
                : 11-23
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Escuela de Medicina orgdiv2Unidad Docente Asociada de Laboratorios Clínicos Chile pgarcia@ 123456med.puc.cl
                Article
                S0716-10182003020100002 S0716-1018(03)02000002
                10.4067/S0716-10182003020100002
                3bf0a8a5-3377-4f8e-a098-78baf794763b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 13
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                SciELO Chile


                Bacterial resistance,Community acquired infections,Nosocomial infections,Surveillance

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