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      DISTRIBUCIÓN DE ESPECIES Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA VARIACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y ESPACIAL A ESCALA LOCAL EN UN BOSQUE DE TIERRA FIRME EN LA AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA Translated title: SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION AT A LOCAL SCALE IN A TERRA FIRME FOREST IN THE COLOMBIAN AMAZONIA

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          Abstract

          El presente estudio analizó la magnitud a la cual la variación ambiental y las variables espaciales influencian la distribución de las especies arbóreas de dosel (DAP ≥ 10 cm), a escala local en un bosque de tierra firme de la Amazonia colombiana. El muestreo se llevó a cabo en una parcela de cinco ha, dividida en 125 cuadrantes de 20 x 20 m, ubicada en el PNN Amacayacu. Se seleccionaron las especies con una frecuencia igual o mayor a diez (10) en los 125 cuadrantes. Para cuantificar el efecto del ambiente y el espacio geográfico, se empleó la regresión logística con base en los datos de presencia ausencia de las especies en cada uno de los cuadrantes. La distribución de las especies presentó mayor relación con las variables espaciales que con las ambientales, permaneciendo generalmente en promedio el 50,7 ± 23,8% de desviación sin explicar. Las variables ambientales fueron significativas en 33 modelos, presentando capacidad explicativa entre 0,21 y 23,71%. Las variables espaciales fueron incluidas en todos los modelos explicativos de la distribución de las especies, con una importancia relativa de hasta el 97,3%. El presente estudio, resalta la importancia del análisis de las respuestas de especies arbóreas individuales a los cambios ambientales y espaciales, encontrando diferencias en los factores que determinan la distribución de especies dentro de familias e incluso dentro de un mismo género, lo cual tiene gran influencia en la estructuración de la diversidad alpha. Lo que esto demuestra es que la especialización de hábitat y los procesos espacialmente estructurados como la limitación en dispersión, más que ser mecanismos excluyentes, actúan de forma complementaria a diferentes niveles promoviendo la coexistencia de especies. Los resultados obtenidos difieren de estudios anteriores en cuanto que este estudio muestra menor importancia relativa de los factores edáficos sobre la distribución de especies a escala local. En este caso particular, se sugiere que a escala local existe un alto componente aleatorio asociado con la variación no explicada. Sin embargo, no se descarta que esta condición emerja como producto del submuestreo en estos bosques de diversidad muy alta.

          Translated abstract

          In this study, we analyzed the extent to which environmental variation and the spatial template influenced the distribution of individual canopy species (DBH ≥ 10 cm) at a local scale in terra firme forest in the Colombian Amazonia. The survey was carried out in a 5-ha plot, divided into 125 quadrants of 20 m x 20 m, located in the Amacayacu National Park. To run the analyses we selected all species with presence in ten or more quadrants. In order to quantify the effect of the environment and geographical space, we used a logistic regression model, which was based on species presence-absence data for the selected species. Species distributions showed a higher correlation with the spatial variables than with the environmental ones, with an average of 50.7 ± 23.8% of unexplained variation remaining. Environmental variables were significant in 33 out of 45 models, ranging in relative importance between 0.21 and 23.71%. All explanatory models of species distributions included spatial variables, which reached a relative importance of up to 97.3%. We found differences in the factors determining the distribution of individual species within the same family and even within the same genera, which helped to understand the key factors structuring alpha diversity. In this way, our results support the idea that environmental filtering and spatially structured processes, such us dispersal limitation, are complementary rather than exclusive mechanisms promoting species coexistence. The results obtained in this study showed a relatively lower importance of soils and topography on species distribution, at a local spatial scale, than reported before. In this case study, we found a high random component related to the unexplained variation; however, it was also necessary to emphasize the effect of species undersampling on the unexplained variation, due to the high local diversity recorded in this forest.

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          Most cited references56

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          Changes in Plant Community Diversity and Floristic Composition on Environmental and Geographical Gradients

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            Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence

            Evidence concerning mechanisms hypothesized to explain species coexistence in hyper-diverse communities is reviewed for tropical forest plants. Three hypotheses receive strong support. Niche differences are evident from non-random spatial distributions along micro-topographic gradients and from a survivorship-growth tradeoff during regeneration. Host-specific pests reduce recruitment near reproductive adults (the Janzen-Connell effect), and, negative density dependence occurs over larger spatial scales among the more abundant species and may regulate their populations. A fourth hypothesis, that suppressed understory plants rarely come into competition with one another, has not been considered before and has profound implications for species coexistence. These hypotheses are mutually compatible. Infrequent competition among suppressed understory plants, niche differences, and Janzen-Connell effects may facilitate the coexistence of the many rare plant species found in tropical forests while negative density dependence regulates the few most successful and abundant species.
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              Beta-diversity in tropical forest trees.

              The high alpha-diversity of tropical forests has been amply documented, but beta-diversity-how species composition changes with distance-has seldom been studied. We present quantitative estimates of beta-diversity for tropical trees by comparing species composition of plots in lowland terra firme forest in Panama, Ecuador, and Peru. We compare observations with predictions derived from a neutral model in which habitat is uniform and only dispersal and speciation influence species turnover. We find that beta-diversity is higher in Panama than in western Amazonia and that patterns in both areas are inconsistent with the neutral model. In Panama, habitat variation appears to increase species turnover relative to Amazonia, where unexpectedly low turnover over great distances suggests that population densities of some species are bounded by as yet unidentified processes. At intermediate scales in both regions, observations can be matched by theory, suggesting that dispersal limitation, with speciation, influences species turnover.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                acbi
                Actualidades Biológicas
                Actu Biol
                Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín )
                0304-3584
                June 2010
                : 32
                : 92
                : 41-51
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia
                [2 ] Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Brazil
                [3 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia
                Article
                S0304-35842010000100004
                3bfc13b2-3b70-458c-bd96-860481c16d05

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0304-3584&lng=en
                Categories
                BIOLOGY

                General life sciences
                Amacayacu Natural National Park,Colombia,conservation,dispersal limitation,environmental filtering,logistic regression,conservación,especialización de hábitat,limitación en dispersión,Parque Natural Nacional Amacayacu,regresión logística

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