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      Influenza D Virus Circulation in Cattle and Swine, Luxembourg, 2012–2016

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          Abstract

          We detected antibodies against influenza D in 80.2% of the cattle sampled in Luxembourg in 2016, suggesting widespread virus circulation throughout the country. In swine, seroprevalence of influenza D was low but increased from 0% to 5.9% from 2012 to 2014–2015.

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          A metagenomics and case-control study to identify viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease.

          Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a common health problem for both dairy and beef cattle, resulting in significant economic loses. In order to identify viruses associated with BRD, we used a metagenomics approach to enrich and sequence viral nucleic acids in the nasal swabs of 50 young dairy cattle with symptoms of BRD. Following deep sequencing, de novo assembly, and translated protein sequence similarity searches, numerous known and previously uncharacterized viruses were identified. Bovine adenovirus 3, bovine adeno-associated virus, bovine influenza D virus, bovine parvovirus 2, bovine herpesvirus 6, bovine rhinitis A virus, and multiple genotypes of bovine rhinitis B virus were identified. The genomes of a previously uncharacterized astrovirus and picobirnaviruses were also partially or fully sequenced. Using real-time PCR, the rates of detection of the eight viruses that generated the most reads were compared for the nasal secretions of 50 animals with BRD versus 50 location-matched healthy control animals. Viruses were detected in 68% of BRD-affected animals versus 16% of healthy control animals. Thirty-eight percent of sick animals versus 8% of controls were infected with multiple respiratory viruses. Significantly associated with BRD were bovine adenovirus 3 (P < 0.0001), bovine rhinitis A virus (P = 0.005), and the recently described bovine influenza D virus (P = 0.006), which were detected either alone or in combination in 62% of animals with BRD. A metagenomics and real-time PCR detection approach in carefully matched cases and controls can provide a rapid means to identify viruses associated with a complex disease, paving the way for further confirmatory tests and ultimately to effective intervention strategies.
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            Influenza D Virus in Cattle, France, 2011–2014

            A new influenza virus, genus D, isolated in US pigs and cattle, has also been circulating in cattle in France. It was first identified there in 2011, and an increase was detected in 2014. The virus genome in France is 94%–99% identical to its US counterpart, which suggests intercontinental spillover.
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              Pathogenesis of Influenza D Virus in Cattle.

              Cattle have been proposed as the natural reservoir of a novel member of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which has been tentatively classified as influenza D virus (IDV). Although isolated from sick animals, it is unclear whether IDV causes any clinical disease in cattle. To address this aspect of Koch's postulates, three dairy calves (treatment animals) held in individual pens were inoculated intranasally with IDV strain D/bovine/Mississippi/C00046N/2014. At 1 day postinoculation, a seronegative calf (contact animal) was added to each of the treatment animal pens. The cattle in both treatment and contact groups seroconverted, and virus was detected in their respiratory tracts. Histologically, there was a significant increase in neutrophil tracking in tracheal epithelia of the treatment calves compared to control animals. While infected and contact animals demonstrated various symptoms of respiratory tract infection, they were mild, and the calves in the treatment group did not differ from the controls in terms of heart rate, respiratory rate, or rectal temperature. To mimic zoonotic transmission, two ferrets were exposed to a plastic toy fomite soaked with infected nasal discharge from the treatment calves. These ferrets did not shed the virus or seroconvert. In summary, this study demonstrates that IDV causes a mild respiratory disease upon experimental infection of cattle and can be transmitted effectively among cattle by in-pen contact, but not from cattle to ferrets through fomite exposure. These findings support the hypothesis that cattle are a natural reservoir for the virus.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Emerg Infect Dis
                Emerging Infect. Dis
                EID
                Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                1080-6040
                1080-6059
                July 2018
                : 24
                : 7
                : 1388-1389
                Affiliations
                [1]Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (C.J. Snoeck, M. Pauly, C.P. Muller, J.M. Hübschen);
                [2]Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, INRA-ENVT, Toulouse, France (J. Oliva, M.F. Ducatez);
                [3]Administration des Services Vétérinaires de l’Etat, Ministère de l'Agriculture, Dudelange, Luxembourg (S. Losch, F. Wildschutz);
                [4]Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange (C.P. Muller)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Chantal J. Snoeck, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; email: chantal.snoeck@ 123456lih.lu
                Article
                17-1937
                10.3201/eid2407.171937
                6038750
                29912692
                3c474a5e-d420-44ae-a347-ef485acdc3fe
                History
                Categories
                Research Letter
                Research Letter
                Serologic Evidence of Influenza D Virus Circulation in Cattle and Swine, Luxembourg, 2012–2016

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                influenza d virus,seroprevalence,serology,cattle,pig,swine,luxembourg,influenza,viruses

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