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      Candidiasis oral en pacientes seropositivos al VIH y casos SIDA: Aspectos clínicos, micológicos y terapéuticos Translated title: Oral candidiasis in HIV-seropositive patients and AIDS cases: Clinical, mycological and therapeutical aspects

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          Abstract

          Se realizó un estudio prospectivo para conocer aspectos clínicos y micológicos de la candidiasis oral, incluido un ensayo terapéutico para 4 drogas, 2 tópicas (clotrimazol y nistatina ) y 2 sistémicas (itraconazol y ketoconazol), entre marzo de 2003 y junio de 2004, a un total de 97 pacientes adultos infectados por el VIH. La edad promedio fue de 34,97 años con franco predominio del sexo masculino y de una conducta heterosexual como tendencia. Prevaleció la forma de presentación clínica pseudomembranosa, 93,8 % de los casos, con síntomas acompañantes (dolor, sensación de quemazón y dificultad para deglutir) y lesiones extensas. Candida albicans fue la especie más frecuente aislada tanto en los exudados iniciales (92 %) como en los realizados al finalizar los esquemas de tratamiento, en los pacientes que no alcanzaron la cura micológica (89,4 %). Los tratamientos fueron exitosos desde el punto de vista clínico, en 91,8 % de los casos con mejoría o remisión total de síntomas y signos, y 51,6 % de curas micológicas. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las respuestas clínica y micológica obtenidas frente a los tratamientos tópicos al compararlos con los sistémicos. Lo anterior permitió recomendar una mayor utilización de los tratamientos locales, en la población estudiada, por los beneficios que estos tienen para los pacientes.

          Translated abstract

          A prospective study to identify clinical and mycological aspects of oral candidiasis including a therapeutic trial for 4 drugs-2 topical (chlotrimazole and nistatine) and 2 systemic (Itraconale and ketoconazole) was performed on 97 HIV adult patients from March 2003 to June 2004. Average age was 34,97 years, being males and heterosexual behaviour predominant. The pseudomembranous clinical form of presentation prevailed in 93.8% of cases, with accompanying symptoms like pain, burning sensation and difficult swallowing in addition to extensive lesions. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species both in swabs taken at the beginning (92%) and at the end of the treatment schedules applied to patients who did not succeed in mycological cure (89.4%). Treatment schemes had positive results from the clinical viewpoint in 91.8% of cases with improvement or total remission of symptoms and signs, and in 51.6% of mycological curing. There were no statistically significant differences of clinical and mycological responses between topical and systemic treatments. The above-mentioned allowed recommending a more extensive use of local treatment in the studied population because of their benefits for the patients.

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          Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 1000 South Indian patients.

          Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major health problem in India. The importance of oral lesions as clinical features of HIV infection and their gender specificity have been reported worldwide. However, there are very few reports on this aspect from the Indian subcontinent. The study population comprised 1000 consecutive HIV seropositive patients presenting to YRG CARE, a non-governmental organisation in Chennai, South India. The oral lesions were diagnosed based on clinical appearance using international criteria. Data were entered into a database and analysed using the SPSS package. The male-to-female ratio was 3.4:1, and 95% of the patients had acquired infection via heterosexual contact. Majority of the patients (84%) were in the 21- to 40-year-old age groups. Pulmonary tuberculosis (12%) was the most common systemic finding. Oral lesions were seen in 86.6% of the patients. Gingivitis (72.3%) and periodontitis (33.2%) were the most common lesions followed by oral pigmentation (26.3%), oral candidiasis (23.8%), angular cheilitis (7.9%), oral ulcers (3.3%), oral hairy leukoplakia (2.1%), oral submucous fibrosis (0.9%) and leukoplakia (1.5%). The prevalence of oral candidiasis, periodontitis and oral hairy leukoplakia was higher in males than in females. Oral lesions occur commonly in HIV infection. A comprehensive oral examination plays an important role not only in the management of the patients, but also in assessing the immune status and in their follow-up.
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            Oral candidiasis as a clinical marker related to viral load, CD4 lymphocyte count and CD4 lymphocyte percentage in HIV-infected patients.

            High viral load is currently considered to be one of the main indicators of the progression of HIV-induced immunodepression, but few studies have analysed its relationship to the presence of oral candidiasis (OC). The aim of this cross-sectional study is to analyse the relationship between viral load, total CD4 lymphocyte count, and percentage of CD4 lymphocytes to the occurrence of OC. The present cross-sectional study included 156 HIV-infected patients seen at a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. We assessed the presence or absence of OC, and microbiological samples were obtained from the palatine mucosa and dorsal tongue for a smear stained with KOH (potassium hydroxide) and culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar in all patients. Viral load was determined by quantification of viral RNA in peripheral blood with a minimum detectable level of 500 RNA copies/ml. CD4+ counts/CD4+ percentage were categorized as 500/>29%, and HIV viral loads were categorized as 10,000 copies/ml. Thirty-eight percent (37.8%) of the patients had OC. Patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts below 200 x 10(6)/l and CD4+ percentages below 14% showed a significantly higher frequency of OC (57.9% and 48.0%, respectively). Patients with a viral load over 10,000 copies/ml also had OC more frequently (44.8%). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, OC showed a statistically significant association with high viral load [>10,000 vs 28%, OR=5), and injection drug use (IDU vs heterosexual transmission, OR=10.2). In HIV-infected patients, high viral load was associated with more frequent OC, regardless of CD4+ lymphocyte level. These findings suggest that oral candidiasis could be a useful clinical marker of patients with high viral load. In view of these results, emphasis should be placed on the importance of systematic examination of the oral cavity in all medical follow-up examinations of HIV-infected patients.
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              Simple, inexpensive, reliable method for differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans.

              Candida dubliniensis is a recently described pathogenic species which shares many phenotypic features with Candida albicans, including the ability to form germ tubes and chlamydospores. These similarities have caused significant problems in the identification of C. dubliniensis by the average clinical mycology laboratory. To facilitate the differentiation of these species, we investigated the growth of 120 isolates of C. dubliniensis and 98 C. albicans isolates at 42 and 45 degrees C on Emmons' modified Sabouraud glucose agar (SGA) and 10 isolates of each species in yeast-peptone-dextrose broth. None of the C. dubliniensis isolates grew on the agar or in the broth medium at 45 degrees C, while 11 isolates were capable of growing on SGA at 42 degrees C. In contrast, all of the C. albicans isolates but one grew at 45 degrees C on or in either medium. These reproducible results clearly demonstrate that the incubation of isolates suspected to be C. dubliniensis or C. albicans at 45 degrees C provides a simple, reliable, and inexpensive method for the differentiation of the two species.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                mtr
                Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical
                Rev Cubana Med Trop
                Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-3054
                December 2006
                : 58
                : 3
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí Cuba
                Article
                S0375-07602006000300001
                3c8b80cc-9d20-4023-85f5-0c8c65e0811c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0375-0760&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Oral candidiasis,HIV/AIDS,Candida albicans,therapeutical trial,chrotrimazole,nistatine,itraconazole,ketoconazole,Candidiasis oral,VIH/SIDA,ensayo terapéutico,clotrimazol,nistatina,itraconazol,ketoconazol

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