Effects of Changing pH, Incubation Time, and As(V) Competition, on F ⁻ Retention on Soils, Natural Adsorbents, By-Products, and Waste Materials

The purpose of this work was to elucidate the repercussion of changing pH, incubation time and As(V) competition on fluoride (F ⁻) sorption on forest and vineyard soil samples, pyritic, and granitic materials, as well as on the by-products pine sawdust, oak wood ash, mussel shell ash, fine and coarse mussel shell, and slate processing waste fines. To reach this end, the methodological approach was based on batch-type experiments. The results indicate that, for most materials, F ⁻ sorption was very high at the start, but was clearly diminished when the pH value increased. However, oak wood ash and shell ash showed high F ⁻ sorption even at alkaline pH, and pine sawdust showed low F ⁻ sorption for any pH value. Specifically, F ⁻ sorption was close to 100% for both ashes at pH < 6, and around 70% at pH 10, while for forest soil it was close to 90% at pH < 2, and around 60% at pH values near 8. Regarding the effect of incubation time on F ⁻ sorption, it was very low for both soils, pyritic material, granitic material, and both kinds of ashes, as all of them showed very rapid F ⁻ sorption from the start, with differences being lesser than 10% between sorption at 30 min and 1 month of incubation. However, sawdust and slate fines sorbed 20% of added F ⁻ in 30 min, remaining constant up to 12 h, and doubling after 30 days. And finally, mussel shell sorbed 20% at 30 min, increasing to close to 60% when incubation time was 30 days. This means that some of the materials showed a first sorption phase characterized by rapid F ⁻ sorption, and a slower sorption in a second phase. As regards the effect of the presence of As(V) on F ⁻ sorption, it was almost negligible, indicating the absence of competition for sorption sites. In view of that all, these results could aid to appropriately manage soils and by-products when focusing on F ⁻ removal, in circumstances where pH value changes, contact time vary from hours to days, and potential competition between F ⁻ and As(V) could take place.