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      Chemical Analysis of the Herbal Medicine Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Danshen)

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          Abstract

          Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae et Rhizoma, known as Danshen in China, is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines. Recently, there has been increasing scientific attention on Danshen for its remarkable bioactivities, such as promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, and clearing away heat. This review summarized the advances in chemical analysis of Danshen and its preparations since 2009. Representative established methods were reviewed, including spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography (LC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), capillary electrophoresis, electrochemistry, and bioanalysis. Especially the analysis of polysaccharides in Danshen was discussed for the first time. Some proposals were also put forward to benefit quality control of Danshen.

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          Salvia miltiorrhiza: Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology.

          Chun-Yan Su, Qian-Liang Ming, Khalid Rahman … (2015)
          Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) is a very popular medicinal plant that has been extensively applied for many years to treat various diseases, especially coronary heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, either alone or in combination with other Chinese plant-based medicines. Although a large number of studies on SM have been performed, they are scattered across a variety of publications. The present review is an up-to-date summary of the published scientific information about the traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, side effects, and drug interactions with SM, in order to lay the foundation for further investigations and better utilization of SM. SM contains diverse chemical components including diterpenoid quinones, hydrophilic phenolic acids, and essential oils. Many pharmacological studies have been done on SM during the last 30 years, focusing on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects, and the antioxidative, neuroprotective, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. The research results strongly support the notion that SM has beneficial therapeutic properties and has a potential of being an effective adaptogenic remedy.
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            Cardiovascular effects of Danshen.

            Tsung Cheng (2007)
            Danshen is one of the most versatile Chinese herbal drugs that have been used for hundred of years in the treatment of numerous ailments. Because of its properties of improving microcirculation, causing coronary vasodilatation, suppressing the formation of thromboxane, inhibiting platelet adhesion and aggregation, and protecting against myocardial ischemia, it is widely used either alone or in combination with other herbal ingredients for patients with coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular diseases, in both China and other countries including the United States. This article provides an overview of its history, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical applications, side effects, interactions with Western drugs, and future prospects in the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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              Characterization of phenolic composition in Lamiaceae spices by LC-ESI-MS/MS.

              Dilip K. Rai, Rachel A Diana, Catherine Barry … (2010)
              A total of 38 phenolic compounds in the solid/liquid extracts of five Lamiaceae spices, rosemary, oregano, sage, basil, and thyme, were identified in the present study using LC-ESI-MS/MS. These compounds were distributed in four major categories, namely, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and phenolic terpenes. Among them, the category of flavonoids was the largest, with 17 compounds. Identification of the phenolic compounds was carried out by comparing retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic standards. If standards were unavailable, phenolic compounds were identified on the basis of accurate mass of pseudomolecular [M - H](-) ions and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data. The results of accurate mass measurements fit well with the elemental composition of the compounds. The diagnostic fragmentation patterns of the compounds during collision-induced dissociation (CID) elucidated the structural information of the compounds analyzed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Derek J. McPhee: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 January 2016
                Publication date Collection: January 2016
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 51
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; hanqingpang@ 123456126.com (H.P.); qucheng9527@ 123456163.com (C.Q.); dja@ 123456njucm.edu.cn (J.D.)
                [2 ]National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; wuliang15@ 123456sohu.com
                [3 ]Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; zhouguisheng1@ 123456126.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: yupingtang@ 123456njucm.edu.cn ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-8581-1695
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-21-00051
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010051
                PMC ID: 6273254
                PubMed ID: 26742026
                SO-VID: 3d0ef310-4b4a-4c43-971a-7f75b0cac29d
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 November 2015
                Date accepted : 25 December 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: danshen,chemical analysis,quality control,polysaccharides
                Data availability:
                Keywords: danshen, chemical analysis, quality control, polysaccharides

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