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      Silver nanoparticles enhance the sensitivity of temozolomide on human glioma cells

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          Abstract

          Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) continues to be associated with a dismal prognosis despite aggressive treatment. Significant efforts are being made to develop new nanotechnology-based therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Nanoparticles can act directly on cancer cells or as drug carriers to enhance the cancer therapeutic effect. In this study, we investigated the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on human glioma U251 cells and its role in the combinational use with Temozolomide (TMZ), an imidazotetrazine derivative of the alkylating agent dacarbazine, against glioma cells. AgNPs were synthesized in the sodium citrate system and the mean size were 26 nm in diameter. The AgNP particles showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity on U251 cells. They also showed the ability to enhance the drug-sensitivity of TMZ on U251 cells. Our results revealed that AgNPs could have a potential application in enhancing chemotherapy for glioma.

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          Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications and developments.

          L. Zhang, F. Gu, J M Chan … (2008)
          Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter generally in the 1-100 nm dimension range. The application of nanotechnology to medicine, known as nanomedicine, concerns the use of precisely engineered materials at this length scale to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties, such as ultra small size, large surface area to mass ratio, and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials of the same composition. These properties can be used to overcome some of the limitations found in traditional therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
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            Oxidative stress-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles in human hepatoma cells.

            Soohee Kim, Ji Eun Choi, Jinhee Choi … (2009)
            Cytotoxicity induced by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the role that oxidative stress plays in this process were demonstrated in human hepatoma cells. Toxicity induced by silver (Ag(+)) ions was studied in parallel using AgNO(3) as the Ag(+) ion source. Using cation exchange treatment, we confirmed that the AgNP solution contained a negligible amount of free Ag(+) ions. Metal-responsive metallothionein 1b (MT1b) mRNA expression was not induced in AgNP-treated cells, while it was induced in AgNO(3)-treated cells. These results indicate that AgNP-treated cells have limited exposure to Ag(+) ions, despite the potential release of Ag(+) ions from AgNPs in cell culture. AgNPs agglomerated in the cytoplasm and nuclei of treated cells, and induced intracellular oxidative stress. AgNPs exhibited cytotoxicity with a potency comparable to that of Ag(+) ions in in vitro cytotoxicity assays. However, the toxicity of AgNPs was prevented by use of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, and AgNP-induced DNA damage was also prevented by N-acetylcysteine. AgNO(3) treatment induced oxidative stress-related glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and catalase expression to a greater extent than AgNP exposure, but treatment with AgNO(3) and AgNPs induced comparable superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) expression levels. Our findings suggest that AgNP cytotoxicity is primarily the result of oxidative stress and is independent of the toxicity of Ag(+) ions.
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              Chemotherapy in adult high-grade glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from 12 randomised trials.

              L. Stewart (2002)
              Trials on the effect of systemic chemotherapy on survival and recurrence in adults with high-grade glioma have had inconclusive results. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of such treatment on survival and recurrence. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from all available randomised trials that compared radiotherapy alone with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy. Data for 3004 patients from 12 randomised controlled trials were included (11 published and one unpublished). Overall, the results showed significant prolongation of survival associated with chemotherapy, with a hazard ratio of 0.85 (95% CI 0.78-0.91, p<0.0001) or a 15% relative decrease in the risk of death. This effect is equivalent to an absolute increase in 1-year survival of 6% (95% CI 3-9) from 40% to 46% and a 2-month increase in median survival time (1-3). There was no evidence that the effect of chemotherapy differed in any group of patients defined by age, sex, histology, performance status, or extent of resection. This small but clear improvement in survival from chemotherapy encourages further study of drug treatment of these tumours.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Oncotarget
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Oncotarget
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Oncotarget
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ImpactJ
                Title: Oncotarget
                Publisher: Impact Journals LLC
                ISSN (Electronic): 1949-2553
                Publication date Collection: 31 January 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 November 2016
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 7533-7539
                Affiliations
                1 Department of Neurology, Yancheng Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Yancheng, 224001, China
                2 Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
                3 Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng Affiliated to Nantong University, Yancheng, 224001, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Huaqun Chen, drliangping@ 123456126.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 13503
                DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13503
                PMC ID: 5352340
                PubMed ID: 27893419
                SO-VID: 3d16e297-4d45-4eef-b2c3-0ad6e1b014b9
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2017 Liang et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 20 August 2016
                Date accepted : 7 November 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: silver nanoparticles (agnps),glioma cells,temozolomide (tmz),chemotherapy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: silver nanoparticles (agnps), glioma cells, temozolomide (tmz), chemotherapy

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