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      Competência de peixes como predadores de larvas de Aedes aegypti, em condições de laboratório Translated title: Efficacy of fish as predators of Aedes aegypti larvae, under laboratory conditions

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Avaliar a competência de peixes na predação de larvas de Aedes aegypti, em condições de laboratório. MÉTODOS: Foram testados machos e fêmeas de cinco espécies de peixe. Os testes de predação duravam cinco semanas para cada espécie. Cada ensaio compreendia quatro caixas testes e quatro caixas controles. Das caixas controle, duas tinham somente um peixe e as outras duas, apenas larvas. Cada caixa teste continha um peixe e larvas. Na primeira semana foram expostas 100 larvas em cada caixa, e a cada semana acrescentavam-se 100 larvas por caixa/dia, até se obter um máximo de 500 larvas/dia. Comprimento e peso dos peixes foram medidos semanalmente. RESULTADOS: Foram utilizadas 369.000 larvas no total. O Trichogaster trichopteros foi a única espécie em que ambos os sexos predaram 100% das larvas oferecidas. O Betta splendens deixou de predar apenas 15 larvas. Machos do Poecilia reticulata apresentaram baixa capacidade larvófaga quando comparados às fêmeas da mesma espécie. Em relação ao peso e tamanho o Betta splendens mostrou-se capaz de predar 523 larvas/grama/dia. CONCLUSÕES: Fêmeas e machos de Trichogaster trichopteros e de Astyanax fasciatus, e fêmeas de Betta splendens e de Poecillia sphenops foram os peixes que apresentaram maior competência para predar as larvas. Embora com competência menor, machos de Poecillia sphenops e fêmeas de Poecilia reticulata foram capazes de eliminar o número de larvas de Aedes aegypti que possam emergir durante 24 horas num criadouro, em condições naturais. Machos de Poecilia reticulata não foram predadores eficazes.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of fish as predators of the Aedes aegypti larvae in laboratory conditions. METHODS: The male and female of five different fish were included in the experiment. The tests to measure their consumption ability lasted five weeks for each species. Each trial involved four test tanks and four control tanks. Two control tanks contained just one fish, and the other two just larvae. Each of the test tanks contained one fish and the larvae. During the first week, 100 larvae were placed in the tank, with an additional 100 added every week, up to a maximum daily amount of 500 larvae. The length and weight of the fish were measured at the beginning and end of every week. RESULTS: A total of 369,000 larvae were used. The Trichogaster trichopteros was the only species in which both sexes ate 100% of the available larvae. The Betta splendens failed to eat only 15 larvae. The male Poecilia reticulate showed a strong capacity for larvae eating, compared with the female of the same species. In terms of weight and size, the Betta splendens proved capable of eating 523 larvae per gram of weight per day. CONCLUSIONS: The female and male Trichogaster trichopteros and Astyanax fasciatus, and the female Betta splendens and Poecilia sphenops proved to be the most effective predators of the Aedes aegypti larvae. And although the male Poecilia sphenops and female Poecilia reticulata were less effective, they were also capable of eradicating the total number of Aedes aegypti larvae that could appear over 24 hours in a breeding site under natural conditions. The male Poecilia reticulata, however, proved incapable of doing so.

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          Resistance of Aedes aegypti to organophosphates in several municipalities in the State of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, Brazil.

          Chemical insecticides have been widely used in Brazil for several years. This exposes mosquito populations to an intense selection pressure for resistance to insecticides. In 1999, the Brazilian National Health Foundation started the first program designed to monitor the resistance of Aedes aegypti to insecticides. We analyzed populations from 10 municipalities (from 84 selected in Brazil) in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. Exposure of larvae to a diagnostic dose of temephos showed in alterations in susceptibility in all populations. Mosquitoes from eight municipalities exhibited resistance, with mortality levels ranging from 74% (Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro) to 23.5% (São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro). The resistance ratios of mosquitoes from three municipalities ranged from 3.59 to 12.41. Adults from only one municipality (Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro) remained susceptible to both fenitrothion and malathion. These results are being used to define new local vector control strategies.
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            Dengue and dengue haemorragic fever in the americas: Guidelines for prevention and control

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              Oviposition attraction and repellency of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to waters from conspecific larvae subjected to crowding, confinement, starvation, or infection.

              As the biomass of Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae increased in relation to the volume of rearing waters, oviposition attraction of these waters to conspecific, gravid females first rose to a peak and then declined. Further increases in biomass rendered waters strongly repellent. Comparable responses were elicited by a decrease in the volume of rearing waters or an increase in the relative size or number of mosquito larvae. Low volumes of water reduced oviposition attraction and increased repellency, whereas larger volumes increased attraction. Excessively large volumes diluted attraction to neutrality. Constraints imposed by the physical dimensions of the larval environment which interfered with the normal postural movements and behaviors of the larvae also induced repellency, independent of rearing volume. Titration of repellent waters revealed that infection with the digenean Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi) generated the most powerful repellent effect, whereas crowding or starvation induced significantly weaker responses. At no time did dilution of repellent waters restore attractive properties. Repellents, even at minute concentrations, overrode attractants. The density-dependent action of oviposition attractants and repellents may help to maintain larval populations near optimal levels through their influence on recruitment. Oviposition repellency induced by sublethal infections with P. elegans may maintain population levels below the carrying capacity of the environment. Persistence of oviposition attraction and repellency varied inversely with temperature. The magnitude of the repellent effect induced by larvae appears to be a good indicator of their probability of survival and may be of selective significance. Repellency may deflect ovipositing females away from sites close to human habitation and may lead to new, and perhaps more effective, method, to control mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Rev. Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0034-8910
                1518-8787
                August 2007
                : 41
                : 4
                : 638-644
                Affiliations
                [02] Fortaleza orgnameFundação Nacional de Saúde Brazil
                [05] Fortaleza orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Ceará orgdiv1Departamento de Saúde Pública Brazil
                [03] Fortaleza orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Ceará Brazil
                [01] Fortaleza orgnameUniversidade Federal do Ceará orgdiv1Departamento de Saúde Comunitária Brazil
                [04] Fortaleza orgnameUniversidade Federal do Ceará Brazil
                Article
                S0034-89102007000400019 S0034-8910(07)04100419
                10.1590/S0034-89102006005000041
                17589763
                3dae5a90-c37f-42bf-9d5d-0d62d74de1ab

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 July 2006
                : 11 January 2007
                : 14 March 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Peixes,Trichogaster sp.,Betta splendens,Larva,Laboratory experiment,Controle biológico de vetores,Poecilia sp.,Fishes,Aedes aegypti,Mosquito control,Experiências laboratoriais,Controle de mosquitos,Pest control, biological,Astyanax sp

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