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      Dietary patterns and significance of nutrition for women with low-risk pregnancy Translated title: Padrões alimentares e significados da alimentação de gestantes de baixo risco

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate dietary patterns and significance of diet for pregnant women. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in eight health units in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, with 201 pregnant women. The following instruments were used: a socio-economic and health questionnaire, the Free-Word Association Test, and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified using principal components and factor analysis. Poisson regression with 5% significance level was used. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified: current Brazilian pattern (beans, rice, processed meats, fats, refined grains, pasta and pastries, soft drink, sugar and sweets, cookies and crackers); healthy pattern (fruits and fruit juices, vegetables, whole grains, seafood, dairy products); and energy-rich pattern (salty deep-fried snacks, popcorn, packaged snacks, instant noodles, tubers, and chicken). Women who did not receive nutrition guidance during prenatal care showed less chance of adherence to the current Brazilian dietary pattern (PR=0.87), and therefore their level of consumption of foods commonly present in Brazilian diets was low. For most women, the significance of diet was reported as important and healthy, but it was not associated with any of the diet patterns identified. However, the women who did not consider that during pregnancy diet should be healthy showed greater chance of adherence to the energy-rich pattern (PR=1.18). This finding deserves special attention since excessive weight gain can have a negative effect on pregnancy. Conclusion: Nutrition guidance during prenatal care and the way pregnant women perceive their eating habits can influence their food choices during pregnancy.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o padrão alimentar e os significados que a alimentação tem para gestantes. Métodos: Estudo transversal em oito unidades de saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará, com 201 gestantes. Utilizou-se questionário socioeconômico e de saúde, Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras e Questionário de Frequência Alimentar. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados pelo método de análise fatorial por componentes principais. Utilizou--se a regressão de Poisson, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Três padrões alimentares foram identificados: brasileiro atual (feijão, arroz, carnes processadas, gorduras, pães refinados, massas, refrigerante, açúcares e doces, biscoitos), saudável (frutas e sucos de frutas, vegetais, cereais integrais, frutos do mar, laticínios) e denso em energia (salgados, pipoca, salgadinho, macarrão instantâneo, tubérculos e frango). As mulheres que não receberam orientação sobre alimentação no pré-natal mostraram menor chance de aderir ao padrão brasileiro atual (RP=0.87), o que fez com que alimentos típicos da dieta do brasileiro fossem pouco consumidos entre elas. Para a maioria das mulheres, o significado da alimentação foi ser importante e saudável, porém representar esses significados não mostrou associação com nenhum dos padrões alimentares identificados. No entanto, aquelas que não perceberam a alimentação como algo que deve ser saudável apresentaram maior chance de adesão ao padrão denso em energia (RP=1.18), padrão que deve ser visto com cuidado, pois o ganho de peso excessivo pode repercutir negativamente na gravidez. Conclusão: As orientações alimentares no pré-natal e o modo como as gestantes percebem sua alimentação podem influenciar nas escolhas alimentares na gravidez.

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          Women's dietary patterns change little from before to during pregnancy.

          Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular method of dietary patterns analysis, but our understanding of its use to describe changes in dietary patterns over time is limited. Using a FFQ, we assessed the diets of 12,572 nonpregnant women aged 20-34 y from Southampton, UK, of whom 2270 and 2649 became pregnant and provided complete dietary data in early and late pregnancy, respectively. Intakes of white bread, breakfast cereals, cakes and biscuits, processed meat, crisps, fruit and fruit juices, sweet spreads, confectionery, hot chocolate drinks, puddings, cream, milk, cheese, full-fat spread, cooking fats and salad oils, red meat, and soft drinks increased in pregnancy. Intakes of rice and pasta, liver and kidney, vegetables, nuts, diet cola, tea and coffee, boiled potatoes, and crackers decreased in pregnancy. PCA at each time point produced 2 consistent dietary patterns, labeled prudent and high-energy. At each time point in pregnancy, and for both the prudent and high-energy patterns, we derived 2 dietary pattern scores for each woman: a natural score, based on the pattern defined at that time point, and an applied score, based on the pattern defined before pregnancy. Applied scores are preferred to natural scores to characterize changes in dietary patterns over time because the scale of measurement remains constant. Using applied scores, there was a very small mean decrease in prudent diet score in pregnancy and a very small mean increase in high-energy diet score in late pregnancy, indicating little overall change in dietary patterns in pregnancy.
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            A dietary pattern characterized by high intake of vegetables, fruits, and vegetable oils is associated with reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous pregnant Norwegian women.

            Several dietary substances have been hypothesized to influence the risk of preeclampsia. Our aim in this study was to estimate the association between dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia in 23,423 nulliparous pregnant women taking part in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Women participating in MoBa answered questionnaires at gestational wk 15 (a general health questionnaire) and 17-22 (a FFQ). The pregnancy outcomes were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the associations among food variables. Principal component factor analysis identified 4 primary dietary patterns that were labeled: vegetable, processed food, potato and fish, and cakes and sweets. Relative risks of preeclampsia were estimated as odds ratios (OR) and confounder control was performed with multiple logistic regression. Women with high scores on a pattern characterized by vegetables, plant foods, and vegetable oils were at decreased risk [relative risk (OR) for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.85]. Women with high scores on a pattern characterized by processed meat, salty snacks, and sweet drinks were at increased risk [OR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.42]. These findings suggest that a dietary pattern characterized by high intake of vegetables, plant foods, and vegetable oils decreases the risk of preeclampsia, whereas a dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of processed meat, sweet drinks, and salty snacks increases the risk.
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              Comparison of cluster and principal component analysis techniques to derive dietary patterns in Irish adults.

              The aims of the present study were to examine and compare dietary patterns in adults using cluster and factor analyses and to examine the format of the dietary variables on the pattern solutions (i.e. expressed as grams/day (g/d) of each food group or as the percentage contribution to total energy intake). Food intake data were derived from the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey 1997-9, which was a randomised cross-sectional study of 7 d recorded food and nutrient intakes of a representative sample of 1379 Irish adults aged 18-64 years. Cluster analysis was performed using the k-means algorithm and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract dietary factors. Food data were reduced to thirty-three food groups. For cluster analysis, the most suitable format of the food-group variable was found to be the percentage contribution to energy intake, which produced six clusters: 'Traditional Irish'; 'Continental'; 'Unhealthy foods'; 'Light-meal foods & low-fat milk'; 'Healthy foods'; 'Wholemeal bread & desserts'. For PCA, food groups in the format of g/d were found to be the most suitable format, and this revealed four dietary patterns: 'Unhealthy foods & high alcohol'; 'Traditional Irish'; 'Healthy foods'; 'Sweet convenience foods & low alcohol'. In summary, cluster and PCA identified similar dietary patterns when presented with the same dataset. However, the two dietary pattern methods required a different format of the food-group variable, and the most appropriate format of the input variable should be considered in future studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rn
                Revista de Nutrição
                Rev. Nutr.
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                1678-9865
                March 2017
                : 30
                : 2
                : 219-231
                Affiliations
                [2] Ceará orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Ceará orgdiv1Centro de Ciências da Saúde orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Saúde Brazil
                [1] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade de Fortaleza orgdiv1Centro de Ciências da Saúde Brazil
                [3] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Ceará orgdiv1Centro de Ciências da Saúde Brazil
                [4] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Ceará orgdiv1Pró-Reitoria de Extensão orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Associação e do Mestrado em Saúde Pública Brazil
                Article
                S1415-52732017000200219
                10.1590/1678-98652017000200007
                3dbf3342-07ea-4259-acf1-ac42ae567c20

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 December 2015
                : 11 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Comportamento alimentar,Feeding behavior,Pregnant women,Prenatal care.

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