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      Taquiarritmias supraventriculares fetales refractarias al tratamiento inicial Translated title: Fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias refractory to initial therapy

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          Abstract

          Las arritmias fetales representan un motivo infrecuente de ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se presenta tres casos de gestantes entre 27 y 32 semanas, con el diagnóstico de taquiarri-tmias supraventriculares fetales sostenidas, que exhibían fracaso en el intento inicial de reversión con digoxina. Dos casos con taquicardia supraventricular respondieron favorablemente cuando se asoció flecainida. Un feto hidrópico con aleteo auricular y bloqueo 2:1 no revirtió con la asociación de flecainida ni amiodarona a la digoxina y requirió la interrupción de la gestación en la 30ª semana. El neonato presentó disfunción tiroidea transitoria atribuida a la administración de amiodarona.

          Translated abstract

          Fetal arrhythmia is an unusual cause of admission in critical care unit. We report three cases of pregnant patients with gestational age of 27 to 32 weeks, with diagnosis of fetal sustained supraventricular tachyarrhymias; which were resistant to digoxin as first line therapy. Two fetuses had supraventricular tachycardia and were converted with flecainide in association with digoxin. A remaining hydropic fetus suffering atrial flutter with 2:1 auriculo-ventricular conduction, failed to restore sinus rhythm with digoxin alone or in association with flecainide nor amiodarone, and required premature c-section at 30ª week of gestation. Due to amiodarone administration the neonate suffered transient neonatal hypothyroidism.

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          Most cited references52

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          Review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of fetal atrial flutter compared with supraventricular tachycardia.

          To review the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of fetal atrial flutter compared with supraventricular tachycardia. Retrospective review of published reports: 11 papers about fetal tachyarrhythmia published between 1991 and 2002 were selected for review. All selected studies were analysed for the type of arrhythmia, degree of atrioventricular block in atrial flutter, occurrence of hydrops fetalis, gestational age at diagnosis, first and second line drug treatment, associated cardiac and extracardiac malformations, and mortality of the fetuses. Atrial flutter accounted for 26.2% of all cases of fetal tachyarrhythmias, and supraventricular tachycardia for 73.2%. Hydrops fetalis was reported in 38.6% and 40.5% of fetuses with atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia, respectively (NS). Hydropic fetuses with atrial flutter had higher ventricular rates (median 240 beats/min, range 240-300) than non-hydropic fetuses (220 beats/min, range 200-310) (p = 0.02), whereas the atrial rates were not significantly different (median 450 beats/min, range 370-500). Digoxin treatment resulted in a higher conversion rate in non-hydropic fetuses with fetal tachyarrhythmias than in hydropic fetuses (p < 0.001). The overall mortality of atrial flutter was similar to that of supraventricular tachycardia, at 8.0% v 8.9% (p = 0.7). The prevalence of hydrops fetalis did not differ in fetal atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia with 1:1 conduction. There was no difference between the response rate to digoxin in fetus with atrial flutter or supraventricular tachycardia. Mortality was similar in the two types of tachyarrhythmia.
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            Fetal tachycardias: management and outcome of 127 consecutive cases.

            To review the management and outcome of fetal tachycardia, and to determine the problems encountered with various treatment protocols. Retrospective analysis. 127 consecutive fetuses with a tachycardia presenting between 1980 and 1996 to a single tertiary centre for fetal cardiology. The median gestational age at presentation was 32 weeks (range 18 to 42). 105 fetuses had a supraventricular tachycardia and 22 had atrial flutter. Overall, 52 fetuses were hydropic and 75 non-hydropic. Prenatal control of the tachycardia was achieved in 83% of treated non-hydropic fetuses compared with 66% of the treated hydropic fetuses. Digoxin monotherapy converted most (62%) of the treated non-hydropic fetuses, and 96% survived through the neonatal period. First line drug treatment for hydropic fetuses was more diverse, including digoxin (n = 5), digoxin plus verapamil (n = 14), and flecainide (n = 27). The response rates to these drugs were 20%, 57%, and 59%, respectively, confirming that digoxin monotherapy is a poor choice for the hydropic fetus. Response to flecainide was faster than to the other drugs. Direct fetal treatment was used in four fetuses, of whom two survived. Overall, 73% (n = 38) of the hydropic fetuses survived. Postnatally, 4% of the non-hydropic group had ECG evidence of pre-excitation, compared with 16% of the hydropic group; 57% of non-hydropic fetuses were treated with long term anti-arrhythmics compared with 79% of hydropic fetuses. Non-hydropic fetuses with tachycardias have a very good prognosis with transplacental treatment. Most arrhythmias associated with fetal hydrops can be controlled with transplacental treatment, but the mortality in this group is 27%. At present, there is no ideal treatment protocol for these fetuses and a large prospective multicentre trial is required to optimise treatment of both hydropic and non-hydropic fetuses.
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              Flecainide in the intrauterine treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia.

              To assess the efficacy of flecainide in the intrauterine treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with 1 : 1 atrioventricular conduction. Twenty fetuses (21-35 weeks of gestation) with SVT ranging between 215 and 280 bpm were analyzed retrospectively. Fetuses received flecainide and digoxin as either first, second or third line therapy. Intracardiac blood flow, venous Doppler waveforms and cardiotocograms were evaluated before and after drug induced conversion to sinus rhythm. After initiation of combined flecainide and digoxin therapy, the median time interval until final conversion to sinus rhythm was 5 days (range, 0-14 days). The majority of fetuses (n = 15; 75%) converted to sinus rhythm within 7 days of treatment, whereas the remaining five (25%) showed initial reduction of the heart rate to 160-215 bpm over several days, with restoration of a triphasic venous blood flow pattern before late conversion within 7-14 days after initiation of flecainide treatment. One of these fetuses showed a decrease in fetal heart rate to 160-190 bpm without conversion to sinus rhythm but with resolution of hydrops. All fetuses survived. Flecainide is safe and highly effective in the intrauterine treatment of hydropic fetuses with supraventricular tachycardia. Conversion into sinus rhythm can be expected 72 h after initiation of therapy but may take up to 14 days. Therefore therapy should be continued beyond 72 h, especially when an initial decrease of fetal heart rate is observed which may represent an early therapeutic response.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                medba
                Medicina (Buenos Aires)
                Medicina (B. Aires)
                Fundación Revista Medicina (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                0025-7680
                1669-9106
                April 2005
                : 65
                : 2
                : 138-142
                Affiliations
                [01] Buenos Aires orgnameClínica y Maternidad Suizo Argentina orgdiv1División Cuidados Intensivos Argentina
                Article
                S0025-76802005000200009 S0025-7680(05)06500200009
                3ddd1c0a-d5dc-44e1-9946-ea13206f9bf8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 May 2004
                : 12 September 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 52, Pages: 5
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                SciELO Argentina


                taquicardia fetal,hydrops fetalis,atrial flutter,supraventricular tachycardia,arrhythmia,fetal tachycardia,hidropesía fetal,aleteo auricular,taquicardia supraventricular,arritmia

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