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      Stem cells in veterinary medicine

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      Author(s): 1 , , 2
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Stem Cell Research & Therapy
      Publisher: BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          The stem cell field in veterinary medicine continues to evolve rapidly both experimentally and clinically. Stem cells are most commonly used in clinical veterinary medicine in therapeutic applications for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in horses and dogs. New technologies of assisted reproduction are being developed to apply the properties of spermatogonial stem cells to preserve endangered animal species. The same methods can be used to generate transgenic animals for production of pharmaceuticals or for use as biomedical models. Small and large animal species serve as valuable models for preclinical evaluation of stem cell applications in human beings and in veterinary patients in areas such as spinal cord injury and myocardial infarction. However, these applications have not been implemented in the clinical treatment of veterinary patients. Reviews on the use of animal models for stem cell research have been published recently. Therefore, in this review, animal model research will be reviewed only in the context of supporting the current clinical application of stem cells in veterinary medicine.

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          Mesenchymal stromal cells use PGE2 to modulate activation and proliferation of lymphocyte subsets: Combined comparison of adipose tissue, Wharton's Jelly and bone marrow sources.

          Mehdi Najar, Gordana Raicevic, Hicham Id Boufker … (2010)
          Due to their immunomodulatory properties, adipose tissue (AT) and Wharton's Jelly (WJ) constitute valuable alternatives to BM as sources of MSCs for managing graft-versus-host disease. To ensure the efficiency of AT- and WJ-MSCs implies the characterization of their immunomodulatory functions in comparison to those of BM. In this study, we investigated the capacity of AT- and WJ-MSCs to modulate lymphocyte reactions in response to different stimuli as well as the specificity of this immunomodulation. AT- and WJ-MSC displayed potent immunosuppressive effects on lymphocyte responses in a dose-dependent manner. These effects included the prevention of lymphocyte activation as well as the suppression of T-cell proliferation regardless of the stimuli used to activate lymphocytes. These effects were mediated through the expression of COX1/COX2 enzymes and by the production of PGE2. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes were equally targeted by MSCs demonstrating that the immunomodulation was not restricted to a specific T-cell subpopulation. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Concentrated bone marrow aspirate improves full-thickness cartilage repair compared with microfracture in the equine model.

            Peter J Nixon, Ellen Rickey, Hollis G. Potter … (2010)
            The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of treatment with bone marrow aspirate concentrate, a simple, one-step, autogenous, and arthroscopically applicable method, with the outcomes of microfracture with regard to the repair of full-thickness cartilage defects in an equine model. Extensive (15-mm-diameter) full-thickness cartilage defects were created on the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur in twelve horses. Bone marrow was aspirated from the sternum and centrifuged to generate the bone marrow concentrate. The defects were treated with bone marrow concentrate and microfracture or with microfracture alone. Second-look arthroscopy was performed at three months, and the horses were killed at eight months. Repair was assessed with use of macroscopic and histological scoring systems as well as with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. No adverse reactions due to the microfracture or the bone marrow concentrate were observed. At eight months, macroscopic scores (mean and standard error of the mean, 9.4 + or - 1.2 compared with 4.4 + or - 1.2; p = 0.009) and histological scores (11.1 + or - 1.6 compared with 6.4 + or - 1.2; p = 0.02) indicated improvement in the repair tissue in the bone marrow concentrate group compared with that in the microfracture group. All scoring systems and magnetic resonance imaging data indicated that delivery of the bone marrow concentrate resulted in increased fill of the defects and improved integration of repair tissue into surrounding normal cartilage. In addition, there was greater type-II collagen content and improved orientation of the collagen as well as significantly more glycosaminoglycan in the bone marrow concentrate-treated defects than in the microfracture-treated defects. Delivery of bone marrow concentrate can result in healing of acute full-thickness cartilage defects that is superior to that after microfracture alone in an equine model. Delivery of bone marrow concentrate to cartilage defects has the clinical potential to improve cartilage healing, providing a simple, cost-effective, arthroscopically applicable, and clinically effective approach for cartilage repair.
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              Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expression patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons.

              Hussni O Mohammed, Lisa Fortier, Richard Miller … (2007)
              Platelet rich plasma (PRP) has recently been investigated for use in tissue regeneration studies that seek to utilize the numerous growth factors released from platelet alpha-granules. This study examined gene expression patterns, DNA, and collagen content of equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendon (SDFT) explants cultured in media consisting of PRP and other blood products. Blood and bone marrow aspirate (BMA) were collected from horses and processed to obtain plasma, PRP, and platelet poor plasma (PPP). IGF-I, TGF-beta1, and PDGF-BB were quantified in all blood products using ELISA. Tendons were cultured in explant fashion with blood, plasma, PRP, PPP, or BMA at concentrations of 100%, 50%, or 10% in serum-free DMEM with amino acids. Quantitative RT-PCR for expression of collagen type I (COL1A1), collagen type III (COL3A1), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), decorin, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) was performed as were DNA and total soluble collagen assays. TGF-beta1 and PDGF-BB concentrations were higher in PRP compared to all other blood products tested. Tendons cultured in 100% PRP showed enhanced gene expression of the matrix molecules COL1A1, COL3A1, and COMP with no concomitant increase in the catabolic molecules MMP-3 and MMP-13. These findings support in vivo investigation of PRP as an autogenous, patient-side treatment for tendonitis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Stem Cell Res Ther
                Title: Stem Cell Research & Therapy
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1757-6512
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 February 2011
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 February 2012
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 1
                Page: 9
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, VMC C3-181, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
                [2 ]Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, VMC C3-181, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: scrt50
                DOI: 10.1186/scrt50
                PMC ID: 3092149
                PubMed ID: 21371354
                SO-VID: 3e5b97ee-0352-45a2-8635-c3c338b3b366
                Copyright © Copyright ©2011 BioMed Central Ltd
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                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine

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