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      Uso y manejo de agroquímicos en agricultores familiares y trabajadores rurales de cinco provincias argentinas Translated title: Use and Handling of Agrochemicals in Family Farmers and Rural Workers of Five Argentine Provinces

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          Abstract

          Resumen: INTRODUCCIÓN : En Argentina, la producción agrícola requiere el uso de grandes cantidades de agroquímicos, que poseen diferentes grados de toxicidad. En términos generales, son insuficientes las investigaciones que abordan las prácticas de uso de agroquímicos en trabajadores rurales y agricultores familiares. El objetivo fue describir y comprender de qué manera los trabajadores rurales y agricultores familiares usan y manejan agroquímicos, haciendo énfasis en los riesgos potenciales para la salud. MÉTODOS : Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se realizó un estudio de caso múltiple en territorios rurales de las provincias de Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Formosa, Misiones y Santiago del Estero. Se efectuaron 78 entrevistas a extensionistas rurales, agentes del sistema de salud y agricultores o trabajadores rurales, que fueron transcriptas y analizadas. RESULTADOS : En la mayoría de los casos, los agroquímicos se compran, almacenan y aplican de manera insegura, lo que genera graves riesgos para la salud. Se trata de una problemática social compleja, en la que inciden prácticas individuales y factores institucionales y contextuales diversos. CONCLUSIONES : Resulta necesario implementar acciones intersectoriales para abordar la problemática de la intoxicación por agroquímicos en trabajadores rurales y agricultores familiares.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: INTRODUCTION : In Argentina, agriculture requires large quantities of agrochemicals, which have different degrees of toxicity. In general terms, there are currently not enough researches addressing practices of agrochemical use by rural workers and family farmers. The objective was to describe and understand how rural workers and family farmers use and handle agrochemicals, especially focusing on the potential health risks. METHODS : A multiple case study with a qualitative approach was performed in rural areas of the provinces of Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Formosa, Misiones and Santiago del Estero. A total of 78 interviews with extension workers, agents of the health system, family farmers and rural workers were conducted, and then transcribed and analyzed. RESULTS : Agrochemicals are bought, stored and used in an insecure way in most cases, which leads to serious health risks. This is a complex social problem, encompassing individual practices as well as institutional and contextual factors. CONCLUSIONS : Intersectoral actions are required to address the incidence of agrochemical poisoning in rural workers and family farmers.

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          Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators

          Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production to prevent or control pests, diseases, weeds, and other plant pathogens in an effort to reduce or eliminate yield losses and maintain high product quality. Although pesticides are developed through very strict regulation processes to function with reasonable certainty and minimal impact on human health and the environment, serious concerns have been raised about health risks resulting from occupational exposure and from residues in food and drinking water. Occupational exposure to pesticides often occurs in the case of agricultural workers in open fields and greenhouses, workers in the pesticide industry, and exterminators of house pests. Exposure of the general population to pesticides occurs primarily through eating food and drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues, whereas substantial exposure can also occur in or around the home. Regarding the adverse effects on the environment (water, soil and air contamination from leaching, runoff, and spray drift, as well as the detrimental effects on wildlife, fish, plants, and other non-target organisms), many of these effects depend on the toxicity of the pesticide, the measures taken during its application, the dosage applied, the adsorption on soil colloids, the weather conditions prevailing after application, and how long the pesticide persists in the environment. Therefore, the risk assessment of the impact of pesticides either on human health or on the environment is not an easy and particularly accurate process because of differences in the periods and levels of exposure, the types of pesticides used (regarding toxicity and persistence), and the environmental characteristics of the areas where pesticides are usually applied. Also, the number of the criteria used and the method of their implementation to assess the adverse effects of pesticides on human health could affect risk assessment and would possibly affect the characterization of the already approved pesticides and the approval of the new compounds in the near future. Thus, new tools or techniques with greater reliability than those already existing are needed to predict the potential hazards of pesticides and thus contribute to reduction of the adverse effects on human health and the environment. On the other hand, the implementation of alternative cropping systems that are less dependent on pesticides, the development of new pesticides with novel modes of action and improved safety profiles, and the improvement of the already used pesticide formulations towards safer formulations (e.g., microcapsule suspensions) could reduce the adverse effects of farming and particularly the toxic effects of pesticides. In addition, the use of appropriate and well-maintained spraying equipment along with taking all precautions that are required in all stages of pesticide handling could minimize human exposure to pesticides and their potential adverse effects on the environment.
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            A guide for naming research studies in Psychology

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              Pesticide Knowledge and Safety Practices among Farm Workers in Kuwait: Results of a Survey

              The unsafe and indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture represents a major hazard to the environment and human health. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of knowledge, attitude and practices of Kuwaiti farmers regarding the safe use of pesticides. A total of 250 farmers participated in this study through in-depth interviews and observations on-farm. The majority of the farmers acknowledged that pesticides were harmful to their health (71%) and the environment (65%). However, farmers’ level of knowledge of pesticide safety is insufficient. Over 70% of the farmers did not read or follow pesticide label instructions, and 58% did not use any personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling pesticides. Educated farmers were significantly more likely to use PPE compared with famers with limited formal education (χ2 = 9.89, p < 0.05). Storage of pesticides within living areas was reported by 20% of farmers. When disposing of pesticide wastes, respondents adopted unsafe practices such as discarding, incinerating, or burying empty pesticide containers on-farm, or reusing the containers. Farmers also reported disposing leftover pesticide solution or old pesticide stocks on-farm or in the sewer. A significant number (82%) of the farmers reported at least one symptom of acute pesticide poisoning. Although farmers’ knowledge of pesticide hazards was high, the reported safety measures were poor. Comprehensive intervention measures to reduce the health and environmental risks of pesticides are needed, including pesticide safety training programs for farmers, stringent enforcement of pesticide laws, and promoting integrated pest management and non-synthetic methods of pest control.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rasp
                Revista Argentina de Salud Pública
                Rev. argent. salud pública
                Ministerio de Salud de la Nacion Argentina (Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1852-8724
                1853-810X
                March 2019
                : 10
                : 38
                : 22-28
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires Argentina
                [1] Buenos Aires orgnameConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina
                Article
                S1853-810X2019000100022 S1853-810X(19)01003800022
                3e91a8f7-7181-4234-8f1c-71fc56a81c69

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 March 2019
                : 21 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                Servicios de Salud Rural,Agricultores Familiares,Trabajadores Rurales,Use of Agrochemicals,Rural Workers,Family Farmers,Rural Health Services,Pesticide Poisoning,Uso de Agroquímicos,Envenenamiento por Pesticidas

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