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      Síntomas prevalentes y factores de riesgo de litiasis biliar en pacientes pediátricos en un hospital de referencia Translated title: Prevalent symptoms and risk factors of gallstones in pediatric patients at a reference hospital

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La litiasis biliar es una patología considerada como poco frecuente en la infancia; sin embargo, el 50% de los adultos jóvenes con enfermedad vesicular presentaron sus primeros síntomas a edades tempranas. Existen pocos estudios en población pediátrica con esta patología en el Paraguay. Objetivos: Determinar los síntomas más frecuentes y la presencia de factores asociados a litiasis biliar en niños y adolescentes en un hospital de referencia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, realizado con datos secundarios de fichas clínicas de pacientes internados entre los meses de enero del 2014 y enero del 2019. Muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 58 pacientes con diagnóstico de litiasis biliar, 3 (5,2%) en edad pre-escolar, 9 (15,5%) escolares y 46 (79,3%) adolescentes. Fueron del sexo femenino 39/58 (67,2%). En cuanto a las manifestaciones clínicas, 57 (98%) pacientes refirieron dolor abdominal, 30 (51%) presentaron vómitos y el resto en menor proporción cursaron con ictericia, coluria o hipocolia. Con respecto a la situación nutricional, 1 (1,7%) paciente presentó desnutrición y 29 (50%) pacientes sobrepeso u obesidad. En relación con la evaluación de la talla, 5 (8,6%) tenían talla baja. En 4 (6,8%) pacientes hubo antecedentes familiares de litiasis biliar. Ninguno presentó complicaciones. No se observaron casos asociados a uso de nutrición parenteral. 2 pacientes habían recibido antibiótico de amplio espectro. Conclusión: La litiasis biliar fue más frecuente en niñas y en la etapa de la adolescencia, en la mayoría fue idiopática y el dolor abdominal fue la manifestación más frecuente. Conclusión: La litiasis biliar fue más frecuente en niñas y en la etapa de la adolescencia, en la mayoría fue idiopática y el dolor abdominal fue la manifestación más frecuente.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Gallstones are considered infrequent in childhood; however, 50% of young adults with gallbladder disease had their first symptoms during this period. There are few studies in the pediatric population about this pathology in Paraguay. Objectives: To determine the prevalent symptoms and the presence of predisposing factors in children and adolescents with gallstones at a referral hospital. Materials and methods: it is a cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive, observational study; based on clinical records of patients hospitalized between January 2014 and January 2019, non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases of patients who meet the inclusion criteria. Results: 58 patients with the diagnosis of gallstones were found, of which 3 (5.2%) were preschool children, 9 (15.5%) children and 46 (79.3%) adolescents. There was a predominance of females 67.2% (39/58) over males 33% (19/58). As for clinical manifestations, 57 patients (98%) reported abdominal pain, 30 (51%) vomiting and a lesser extent coursed with jaundice, dark urine or hypocolia. Regarding the nutritional profile, 1 patient (8,6%) presented malnutrition and 29 (50%) were overweight or obese. In relation to height, 5 (8.6%) were short stature. Only 4 patients (6.8%) had a family history of gallstones. None of them had complications or were associated to parenteral nutrition. 2 patients had received broad spectrum antibiotics. Conclusion: Gallstones occurred mainly in female adolescents. In most cases was idiopathic and, abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom.

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          Clinical presentations and predisposing factors of cholelithiasis and sludge in children.

          In contrast to adults, little is known about the epidemiology and the best therapeutic regimen for cholelithiasis and sludge in children. Eighty-two children with cholelithiasis detected by ultrasonography were studied from 0 to 18 years of age with regard to cause, symptomatology, and treatment outcome. Seventy-five children with sludge within the same age group were studied as well. Idiopathic gallstones were found in 19 (23%) patients, and 32 (39%) had gallstones in association with a hemolytic disease. Predominant factors associated with the development of gallstones and clinical presentation differed with age. In patients with sludge, total parenteral nutrition and systemic infection or administration of antibiotics were most frequently found to be possible predisposing factors. Sludge can develop and disappear within a few days. Complications of cholelithiasis were observed in 13 patients. Cholecystectomy was performed in 41 patients and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with stone extraction in 9 patients; 32 children were not treated. After a follow-up (mean, 4.6 years) in 50 patients, 46% of the children who had cholecystectomy or therapeutic ERCP experienced clinical recurrence of abdominal symptoms. In the patients who did not receive surgical or endoscopic therapy during the follow-up, no complications occurred, and only one patient experienced abdominal symptoms during follow-up. The difference in associated conditions may indicate that the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis and sludge differ as well. Furthermore, sludge should be viewed as a dynamic condition not predisposing for the development of gallstones, per se. Cholecystectomy should not be performed routinely but only after careful selection in patients at risk for complications.
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            Pediatric obesity and gallstone disease.

            The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between childhood and adolescent obesity, the risk of gallstones, and the potential effect modification by oral contraceptive use in girls.
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              Gallstone prevalence and gallbladder volume in children and adolescents: an epidemiological ultrasonographic survey and relationship to body mass index.

              To assess the prevalence of gallstone disease and the behavior of gallbladder (GB) volume in childhood and adolescence, an ultrasonographic survey was carried out on 1570 subjects (age range 6-19 yr). Entered in the study were 750 males and 752 females (attendance rate, 95.7%). Gallstones were detected in two females aged 13 and 18 yr, respectively. None of the subjects in the study population had undergone cholecystectomy. The overall prevalence of gallstone disease was equal to 0.13% (0.27% in the female sex). A positive family history for biliary calculous disease was present in one of the two lithiasic girls. A progressive increase of GB volume with age was observed in both sexes, and figures were greater in males, than in age-matched females. A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between GB volume and body mass index (BMI) in both sexes. Obesity was recognized in 188 males (25.3%) and 167 females (25.0%). Obese subjects exhibited larger GB volumes than the nonobese age- and sex-matched controls. The study supports the view of a very low prevalence of gallstone disease in people younger than 20. It also provides information on GB size in relation to age, sex, and BMI.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                anales
                Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (Asunción)
                An. Fac. Cienc. Méd. (Asunción)
                EFACIM. Editorial de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Asunción (Asunción, Central, Paraguay )
                1816-8949
                December 2020
                : 53
                : 3
                : 25-32
                Affiliations
                [1] San Lorenzo Asunción orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Asunción orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Médicas orgdiv2Cátedra y Servicio de Pediatría Paraguay
                Article
                S1816-89492020000300025 S1816-8949(20)05300300025
                10.18004/anales/2020.053.03.25
                3f121be8-2565-4964-8f06-7be54d09039b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 October 2020
                : 04 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Paraguay

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                children,cholelithiasis,gallstones,pediatría.,niños,colelitiasis,litiasis biliar,pediatrics.

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