For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
9
views
39
references
 Top references
cited by
21
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      29
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      Epidemiology of influenza B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineages in South Africa, 2005-2014

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background

          Studies describing the epidemiology of influenza B lineages in South Africa are lacking.

          Methods

          We conducted a prospective study to describe the circulation of influenza B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages among patients of all ages enrolled in South Africa through three respiratory illness surveillance systems between 2005 and 2014: (i) the Viral Watch (VW) program enrolled outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) from private healthcare facilities during 2005–2014; (ii) the influenza-like illnesses program enrolled outpatients in public healthcare clinics (ILI/PHC) during 2012–2014; and (iii) the severe acute respiratory illnesses (SARI) program enrolled inpatients from public hospitals during 2009–2014. Influenza B viruses were detected by virus isolation during 2005 to 2009 and by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction from 2009–2014. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients hospitalized with SARI and infected with different influenza B lineages were also compared using unconditional logistic regression.

          Results

          Influenza viruses were detected in 22% (8,706/39,804) of specimens from patients with ILI or SARI during 2005–2014, of which 24% (2,087) were positive for influenza B. Influenza B viruses predominated in all three surveillance systems in 2010. B/Victoria predominated prior to 2011 (except 2008) whereas B/Yamagata predominated thereafter (except 2012). B lineages co-circulated in all seasons, except in 2013 and 2014 for SARI and ILI/PHC surveillance. Among influenza B-positive SARI cases, the detection of influenza B/Yamagata compared to influenza B/Victoria was significantly higher in individuals aged 45–64 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–16.5) and ≥65 years (aOR: 12.2; 95% CI: 2.3–64.4) compared to children aged 0–4 years, but was significantly lower in HIV-infected patients (aOR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–0.9).

          Conclusion

          B lineages co-circulated in most seasons except in 2013 and 2014. Hospitalized SARI cases display differential susceptibility for the two influenza B lineages, with B/Victoria being more prevalent among children and HIV-infected persons.

          Related collections

          Most cited references39

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Real-time quantitative PCR assays for detection and monitoring of pathogenic human viruses in immunosuppressed pediatric patients.

          S Preuner, L Bašková, H Niesters … (2004)
          A panel of 23 real-time PCR assays based on TaqMan technology has been developed for the detection and monitoring of 16 different viruses and virus families including human polyomaviruses BK virus and JC virus, human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8, human adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, parvovirus B19, influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, enteroviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus. The test systems presented have a broad dynamic range and display high sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity. Moreover, the assays allow precise quantification of viral load in a variety of clinical specimens. The ability to use uniform PCR conditions for all assays permits simultaneous processing and detection of many different viruses, thus economizing the diagnostic work. Our observations based on more than 50,000 assays reveal the potential of the real-time PCR tests to facilitate early diagnosis of infection and to monitor the kinetics of viral proliferation and the response to treatment. We demonstrate that, in immunosuppressed patients with invasive virus infections, surveillance by the assays described may permit detection of increasing viral load several days to weeks prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. In virus infections for which specific treatment is available, the quantitative PCR assays presented provide reliable diagnostic tools for timely initiation of appropriate therapy and for rapid assessment of the efficacy of antiviral treatment strategies.
          Article 0 comments Cited 95 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza B: results of the Global Influenza B Study

            Saverio Caini, Q. Sue Huang, Meral A Ciblak … (2015)
            Introduction Literature on influenza focuses on influenza A, despite influenza B having a large public health impact. The Global Influenza B Study aims to collect information on global epidemiology and burden of disease of influenza B since 2000. Methods Twenty-six countries in the Southern (n = 5) and Northern (n = 7) hemispheres and intertropical belt (n = 14) provided virological and epidemiological data. We calculated the proportion of influenza cases due to type B and Victoria and Yamagata lineages in each country and season; tested the correlation between proportion of influenza B and maximum weekly influenza-like illness (ILI) rate during the same season; determined the frequency of vaccine mismatches; and described the age distribution of cases by virus type. Results The database included 935 673 influenza cases (2000–2013). Overall median proportion of influenza B was 22·6%, with no statistically significant differences across seasons. During seasons where influenza B was dominant or co-circulated (>20% of total detections), Victoria and Yamagata lineages predominated during 64% and 36% of seasons, respectively, and a vaccine mismatch was observed in ≈25% of seasons. Proportion of influenza B was inversely correlated with maximum ILI rate in the same season in the Northern and (with borderline significance) Southern hemispheres. Patients infected with influenza B were usually younger (5–17 years) than patients infected with influenza A. Conclusion Influenza B is a common disease with some epidemiological differences from influenza A. This should be considered when optimizing control/prevention strategies in different regions and reducing the global burden of disease due to influenza.
            Article 0 comments Cited 93 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Respiratory viral coinfections identified by a 10-plex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness--South Africa, 2009-2010.

              Kathleen Kahn, Sumayya Haffjee, Shabir Madhi … (2012)
              Data about respiratory coinfections with 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic in Africa are limited. We used an existing surveillance program for severe acute respiratory illness to evaluate a new multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and investigate the role of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses in pneumonia hospitalizations during and after the influenza pandemic in South Africa. The multiplex assay was developed to detect 10 respiratory viruses, including influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza virus types 1-3, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), adenovirus (AdV), and rhinovirus (RV), followed by influenza virus subtyping. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens were collected from patients hospitalized with pneumonia at 6 hospitals during 2009-2010. Validation against external quality controls confirmed the high sensitivity (91%) and specificity (100%) and user-friendliness, compared with other PCR technologies. Of 8173 patients, 40% had single-virus infections, 17% had coinfections, and 43% remained negative. The most common viruses were RV (25%), RSV (14%), AdV (13%), and influenza A virus (5%). Influenza virus, RSV, PIV type 3, and hMPV showed seasonal patterns. The data provide a better understanding of the viral etiology of hospitalized cases of pneumonia and demonstrate the usefulness of this multiplex assay in respiratory disease surveillance in South Africa.
              Article 0 comments Cited 89 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Benjamin J. Cowling: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 May 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0177655
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
                [2 ]Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
                [3 ]Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa
                [4 ]School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johanneburg, South Africa
                [5 ]Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
                [6 ]Global Influenza Program, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
                [7 ]Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
                [8 ]School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
                [9 ]Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
                [10 ]Zoonoses Research Unit, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
                University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: MS FKT ST ALC CC MV.

                • Data curation: MS FKT ST OH SM JMM AB MP MV.

                • Formal analysis: MS FKT ST OH SM ALC MP.

                • Funding acquisition: FKT ST ALC AvG SW CC SAM MV.

                • Investigation: MS FKT AB TGB ST OH SM ALC JMM MP.

                • Methodology: MS FKT ST ALC AB TGB MP MV.

                • Project administration: MS FKT ST ALC JMM TGB AvG SW CC SAM MV.

                • Resources: MS FKT ST ALC JMM TGB AvG SW CC SAM MV.

                • Software: ST ALC.

                • Supervision: FKT ST OH SM ALC TGB CC AvG SAM MV.

                • Validation: MS FKT ST OH SM ALC MP.

                • Visualization: MS FKT ST ALC CC.

                • Writing – original draft: MS FKT.

                • Writing – review & editing: MS FKT ST OH ALC TGB CC JMM AvG SAM MV.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2471-9493
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-17-04741
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177655
                PMC ID: 5444647
                PubMed ID: 28542324
                SO-VID: 3f1a9818-0972-4134-b1ea-67cee852a8cc
                License:

                This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.

                History
                Date received : 6 February 2017
                Date accepted : 1 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute for Communicable Diseases and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                Award ID: 5U51/IP000155
                This work was supported by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) ( http://www.nicd.ac.za/) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( https://www.cdc.gov/) grant number 5U51/IP000155.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Viral Diseases
                Subject: Influenza
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza B virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical microbiology
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza B virus
                Subject: Medicine and health sciences
                Subject: Pathology and laboratory medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza B virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza B virus
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Disease Surveillance
                Subject: Infectious Disease Surveillance
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Infectious Disease Control
                Subject: Infectious Disease Surveillance
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza A virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical microbiology
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza A virus
                Subject: Medicine and health sciences
                Subject: Pathology and laboratory medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza A virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza viruses
                Subject: Influenza A virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza Viruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza Viruses
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza Viruses
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Orthomyxoviruses
                Subject: Influenza Viruses
                Subject: People and places
                Subject: Geographical locations
                Subject: Africa
                Subject: South Africa
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Molecular Biology
                Subject: Molecular Biology Techniques
                Subject: Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension
                Subject: Polymerase Chain Reaction
                Subject: Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Molecular Biology Techniques
                Subject: Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension
                Subject: Polymerase Chain Reaction
                Subject: Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pulmonology
                Subject: Respiratory Infections
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Data are available from the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) on request for those who meet criteria for access to confidential data after completion and approval of the NICD Data Sharing Agreement. The data contain information that could compromise patient confidentiality. Data requests may be sent to the institute's Executive Director, Prof Shabir Madhi (email address: ShabirM@ 123456nicd.ac.za ).

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content29

                See all similar

                Cited by20

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors423

                See all reference authors