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      Urinary Incontinence Among Omani Women : Prevalence, risk factors and impact on quality of life

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Urinary incontinence (UI) in women is a common health problem which can have a negative impact on quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors and impact of UI on the QOL of Omani women attending primary healthcare centres in Muscat, Oman.

          Methods

          This cross-sectional study was conducted at three primary healthcare centres in Muscat from April to August 2018. Women who were 20–50 years of age, not pregnant, not in the six-month postnatal period, not seriously ill and not diagnosed with pelvic organ prolapse were included. A self-administered questionnaire using the International Consultation Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form was used to evaluate the frequency, severity and impact of UI on QOL.

          Results

          A total of 1,070 women were included in this study (response rate = 92.5%). The mean age was 31.39 ± 7.64 years. UI was reported by 369 (34.5%) women, of whom 182 (49.3%) had stress UI, 97 (26.3%) had urgency UI, 88 (23.8%) had mixed UI and two (0.5%) had other UI. Age, body mass index (BMI), having been married or employed, hypertension, cough, constipation and vaginal or assisted vaginal delivery during the previous birth were significant risk factors for UI. Only 41 (11.1%) out of the 369 women with UI had ever sought medical advice despite the fact that more than two thirds of the women with UI reported negative effects on their QOL.

          Conclusion

          UI is a common medical problem in Oman. Several risk factors, including age and BMI, were identified. Despite its negative consequences for QOL, women were found to be reluctant to seek medical attention for the condition.

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          Most cited references32

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          ICIQ: a brief and robust measure for evaluating the symptoms and impact of urinary incontinence.

          Kerry NL Avery, Jenny L Donovan, Tim Peters … (2004)
          To develop and evaluate the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ), a new questionnaire to assess urinary incontinence and its impact on quality of life (QoL). A developmental version of the questionnaire was produced following systematic literature review and views of an expert committee and patients. Several studies were undertaken to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, including content, construct and convergent validity, reliability and sensitivity to change. The ICIQ was easily completed, with low levels of missing data (mean 1.6%). It was able to discriminate among different groups of individuals, indicating good construct validity. Convergent validity was acceptable, with most items demonstrating 'moderate' to 'strong' agreement with other questionnaires. Reliability was good, with 'moderate' to 'very good' stability in test-retest analysis and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95. Items identified statistically significant reductions in symptoms from baseline following surgical and conservative treatment. Item reduction techniques were used to determine the final version and scoring scheme, which also demonstrated good psychometric properties. The final ICIQ comprises three scored items and an unscored self-diagnostic item. It allows the assessment of the prevalence, frequency, and perceived cause of urinary incontinence, and its impact on everyday life. The ICIQ is a brief and robust questionnaire that will be of use in outcomes and epidemiological research as well as routine clinical practice. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            Worldwide prevalence estimates of lower urinary tract symptoms, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence and bladder outlet obstruction.

            Debra Irwin, Zoe Kopp, Barnabie Agatep … (2011)
            • To estimate and predict worldwide and regional prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), overactive bladder (OAB), urinary incontinence (UI) and LUTS suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction (LUTS/BOO) in 2008, 2013 and 2018 based on current International Continence Society symptom definitions in adults aged ≥20 years. • Numbers and prevalence of individuals affected by each condition were calculated with an estimation model using gender- and age-stratified prevalence data from the EPIC study along with gender- and age-stratified worldwide and regional population estimates from the US Census Bureau International Data Base. • An estimated 45.2%, 10.7%, 8.2% and 21.5% of the 2008 worldwide population (4.3 billion) was affected by at least one LUTS, OAB, UI and LUTS/BOO, respectively. By 2018, an estimated 2.3 billion individuals will be affected by at least one LUTS (18.4% increase), 546 million by OAB (20.1%), 423 million by UI (21.6%) and 1.1 billion by LUTS/BOO (18.5%). • The regional burden of these conditions is estimated to be greatest in Asia, with numbers of affected individuals expected to increase most in the developing regions of Africa (30.1-31.1% increase across conditions, 2008-2018), South America (20.5-24.7%) and Asia (19.7-24.4%). • This model suggests that LUTS, OAB, UI and LUTS/BOO are highly prevalent conditions worldwide. Numbers of affected individuals are projected to increase with time, with the greatest increase in burden anticipated in developing regions. • There are important worldwide public-health and clinical management implications to be considered over the next decade to effectively prevent and manage these conditions. © 2010 THE AUTHORS. BJU INTERNATIONAL © 2010 BJU INTERNATIONAL.
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              A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. Epidemiology of Incontinence in the County of Nord-Trøndelag.

              Y S Hannestad, S Hunskaar, H Sandvik … (2000)
              The aim was to assess the prevalence of any urinary leakage in an unselected female population in Norway, and to estimate the prevalence of significant incontinence. The EPINCONT Study is part of a large survey (HUNT 2) performed in a county in Norway during 1995-97. Everyone aged 20 years or more was invited. 27,936 (80%) of 34,755 community-dwelling women answered a questionnaire. A validated severity index was used to assess severity. Twenty-five percent of the participating women had urinary leakage. Nearly 7% had significant incontinence, defined as moderate or severe incontinence that was experienced as bothersome. The prevalence of incontinence increased with increasing age. Half of the incontinence was of stress type, 11% had urge and 36% mixed incontinence. Urinary leakage is highly prevalent. Seven percent have significant incontinence and should be regarded as potential patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J
                Title: Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
                Publisher: Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, College of Medicine & Health Sciences
                ISSN (Print): 2075-051X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2075-0528
                Publication date (Print): February 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 March 2020
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 1
                Pages: e45-e53
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
                [2 ]Directorate General of Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, North Batinah Region, Oman
                [3 ]Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author’s e-mail: albelushi11@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: squmj2002-e45-53
                DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.007
                PMC ID: 7065693
                PubMed ID: 32190369
                SO-VID: 3f7538af-48aa-4484-931e-76516f6ea3ff
                Copyright © © Copyright 2020, Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, All Rights Reserved
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 02 July 2019
                Date revision requested : 28 August 2019
                Date revision received : 02 September 2019
                Date accepted : 20 September 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Clinical & Basic Research

                Keywords: urinary incontinence,prevalence,risk factors,quality of life,oman
                Data availability:
                Keywords: urinary incontinence, prevalence, risk factors, quality of life, oman

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