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      Perceived stigma among patient with pulmonary tuberculosis at public health facilities in southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Although tuberculosis (TB) related stigma has a significant impact on the diagnosis, patient adherence with treatment, and recovery from the disease, there is limited evidence from Ethiopia regarding perceived stigma among patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).The purpose of this study was to assess perceived stigma and associated factors among patient with PTB on treatment in southwest Ethiopia.

          Methods

          Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2019 among 410 patient with PTB. Data were collected by using the perceived tuberculosis stigma scale. Epi data v3.1 and SPSSv23 were used for data entry and analysis. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with perceived stigma. Results are presented as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

          Result

          Prevalence of perceived stigma among patient with Pulmonary tuberculosis was 57.1% (95% CI: 52.2, 61.7). Poor social support (AOR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.06, 5.48), above a month duration of illness (AOR = 2.48; 95% CI: 1.33, 4.64), high perceived stress (AOR = 1.95; 95% CI:1.09, 3.49), current khat use (AOR = 1.88; 95% CI:1.05, 3.37), and presence of depression (AOR = 8.18; 95% CI:4.40, 15.22) were significantly associated with perceived stigma. Patient with HIV co-infection were 5.67 times (AOR = 5.67; 95% CI: 2.32, 13.87) more likely to have Perceived stigma than their counterparts.

          Conclusion

          TB related stigma was reported by more than half of the study participant. Stigma reduction measures are needed to lower TB related stigma perceived by the patient, the level of distress associated with it, and to promote the psychological wellbeing of patient with TB.

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          Most cited references35

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          Negative life events, social support and gender difference in depression: a multinational community survey with data from the ODIN study.

          Odd Dalgard, Christopher Dowrick, Ville Lehtinen … (2006)
          To explore if differences in negative life events, vulnerability and social support may explain the gender difference in depression. Cross-sectional, multinational, community survey from five European countries (n = 8,787). Depression is measured by Beck Depression Inventory, whereas negative life events and social support are measured by various questionnaires. Women report slightly more negative life events than men do, mainly related to the social network, but more social support in general and in connection with reported life events. This trend is the same in all participating countries except Spain, where there is no gender difference in the reported support. In general, women are not more vulnerable to negative life events than men are. However, women with no social support, who are exposed to life events, are more vulnerable than men without support. The higher rate of depression in women is not explained by gender differences in negative life events, social support or vulnerability.
          Article 0 comments Cited 254 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Meta-analysis of health and demographic correlates of stigma towards people living with HIV.

            T Gadalla, C Logie (2009)
            HIV-related stigma may negatively impact the health, quality of life, social support and well-being of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Previous studies have used diverse samples and a multitude of measurement instruments to examine demographic and health correlates of HIV-related stigma, highlighting the importance of synthesizing findings across different studies to gain a better understanding of these associations. This study examined the relationships between HIV-related stigma and a range of demographic, social, physical and health characteristics. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the overall strength and direction of these relationships. Twenty-four studies of PLHIV, conducted in North America and published in peer-reviewed journals between January of 2000 and November of 2007, were examined and their findings integrated. The heterogeneity of reported results was also assessed and examined. Our review revealed substantial variability in the ways researchers measure participants' HIV-related stigma as well as their physical, emotional and mental health. In spite of this variability, high stigma level was consistently and significantly associated with low social support (r = -0.369, p<0.0005), poor physical health (r = -0.324, p<0.0005), poor mental health (r = -0.402, p<0.0005), age (-0.066, p<0.05) and income (-0.172, p<0.005). These correlations were of a medium size, which would be recognized by the individual in daily life. Health and mental health professionals working with individuals and families impacted by HIV could benefit from an enhanced understanding of correlates of HIV-related stigma, which will inform assessments, interventions and treatment plans. The association between HIV-related stigma and physical health has potential implications for treatment, care and support for people at different stages of HIV infection. AIDS Service Organizations are also encouraged to integrate findings into HIV stigma interventions and social support programs. Additionally, HIV-related stigma scales should be developed and validated, so that future studies using them are able to report findings that are operationally and conceptually consistent.
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              Tuberculosis and Stigmatization: Pathways and Interventions

              Andrew Courtwright, Abigail Norris Turner (2010)
              Article 0 comments Cited 103 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mustefa Mohammedhussein:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5688-7929
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Mohammedamin Hajure:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-9966
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jemal Ebrahim Shifa: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Tahir Ahmed Hassen: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 December 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Corrected, electronic): 11 December 2020
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0243433
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
                [2 ] Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, Mada Walabu University, Shashemene campus, Shashemene, Ethiopia
                [3 ] School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
                Jamia Hamdard, INDIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5688-7929
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-9966
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-20-29594
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243433
                PMC ID: 7731994
                PubMed ID: 33290413
                SO-VID: 3fd42ded-cc4c-42ee-83a4-625ed00e5ba1
                Copyright © © 2020 Mohammedhussein et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 19 September 2020
                Date accepted : 21 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 11
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Bacterial Diseases
                Subject: Tuberculosis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Tropical Diseases
                Subject: Tuberculosis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Co-Infections
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Psychological Stress
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychological Stress
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychological Stress
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Mood Disorders
                Subject: Depression
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Management
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Geographical Locations
                Subject: Africa
                Subject: Ethiopia
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Plants
                Subject: Flowering Plants
                Subject: Khat
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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