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      A Universal Spring-Probe System for Reliable Probing of Electrochemical Lab-on-a-Chip Devices

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          Abstract

          For achieve sensitivity in lab-on-a-chip electrochemical detection, more reliable probing methods are required, especially for repeated measurements. Spring-probes are a promising candidate method which can replace needle-like probes and alligator clips that usually produce scratches on the surface of gold electrodes due to the strong physical contacts needed for electrochemical measurements. The superior reliability of amperometric measurements by a spring-probe system was compared with results by conventional probing methods. We demonstrated that a universal spring-probe system would be potentially suitable to achieve high performance in lab-on-a-chip devices using electrochemical detection.

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          Most cited references16

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          Self-contained, fully integrated biochip for sample preparation, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and DNA microarray detection.

          A fully integrated biochip device that consists of microfluidic mixers, valves, pumps, channels, chambers, heaters, and DNA microarray sensors was developed to perform DNA analysis of complex biological sample solutions. Sample preparation (including magnetic bead-based cell capture, cell preconcentration and purification, and cell lysis), polymerase chain reaction, DNA hybridization, and electrochemical detection were performed in this fully automated and miniature device. Cavitation microstreaming was implemented to enhance target cell capture from whole blood samples using immunomagnetic beads and accelerate DNA hybridization reaction. Thermally actuated paraffin-based microvalves were developed to regulate flows. Electrochemical pumps and thermopneumatic pumps were integrated on the chip to provide pumping of liquid solutions. The device is completely self-contained: no external pressure sources, fluid storage, mechanical pumps, or valves are necessary for fluid manipulation, thus eliminating possible sample contamination and simplifying device operation. Pathogenic bacteria detection from approximately milliliters of whole blood samples and single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis directly from diluted blood were demonstrated. The device provides a cost-effective solution to direct sample-to-answer genetic analysis and thus has a potential impact in the fields of point-of-care genetic analysis, environmental testing, and biological warfare agent detection.
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            An integrated microfluidic biochemical detection system for protein analysis with magnetic bead-based sampling capabilities.

            This paper presents the development and characterization of an integrated microfluidic biochemical detection system for fast and low-volume immunoassays using magnetic beads, which are used as both immobilization surfaces and bio-molecule carriers. Microfluidic components have been developed and integrated to construct a microfluidic biochemical detection system. Magnetic bead-based immunoassay, as a typical example of biochemical detection and analysis, has been successfully performed on the integrated microfluidic biochemical analysis system that includes a surface-mounted biofilter and electrochemical sensor on a glass microfluidic motherboard. Total time required for an immunoassay was less than 20 min including sample incubation time, and sample volume wasted was less than 50 microl during five repeated assays. Fast and low-volume biochemical analysis has been successfully achieved with the developed biofilter and immunosensor, which is integrated to the microfluidic system. Such a magnetic bead-based biochemical detection system, described in this paper, can be applied to protein analysis systems.
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              Capillary electrophoresis chips with integrated electrochemical detection.

              Capillary electrophoresis systems with integrated electrochemical detection have been microfabricated on glass substrates. Photolithographic placement of the working electrode just outside the exit of the electrophoresis channel provides high-sensitivity electrochemical detection with minimal interference from the separation electric field. Microchip electrophoretic separations of neurotransmitters in under 100 s exemplify the good resolution and attomole detection sensitivity of these devices. Using indirect electrochemical detection, high-sensitivity DNA restriction fragment and PCR product sizing has also been performed. These microdevices match the detector's size to that of microfabricated separation and reaction devices, bringing to reality the lab-on-a-chip concept.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                1424-8220
                January 2014
                08 January 2014
                : 14
                : 1
                : 944-956
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering, National Nanofab Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: mklee@ 123456nnfc.re.kr (M.-K.L.); tjlee@ 123456nnfc.re.kr (T.J.L.); hwchoi@ 123456nnfc.re.kr (H.W.C.); sjshin@ 123456nnfc.re.kr (S.J.S.)
                [2 ] National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 216 Haean-ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Korea; E-Mail: genome@ 123456korea.kr
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: sjlee@ 123456nnfc.re.kr ; Tel.: +82-42-366-1522; Fax: +82-42-366-1990.
                Article
                sensors-14-00944
                10.3390/s140100944
                3926595
                24406857
                3fdca35c-d297-46d0-a00e-a509cd0f9b62
                © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 20 November 2013
                : 19 December 2013
                : 02 January 2014
                Categories
                Article

                Biomedical engineering
                spring-probe,electrochemical measurement,probing system,reliability,lab-on-a-chip

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