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      Correlation of findings in clinical and high resolution ultrasonography examinations of the painful shoulder Translated title: Porównanie badania przedmiotowego i badania ultrasonograficznego u pacjentów z bólem stawu łopatkowo-ramiennego

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          Abstract

          Objective

          High resolution ultrasonography is a non-painful and non-invasive imaging technique which is useful for the assessment of shoulder pain causes, as clinical examination often does not allow an exact diagnosis. The aim of this study was to compare the findings of clinical examination and high resolution ultrasonography in patients presenting with painful shoulder.

          Methods

          Non-interventional observational study of 100 adult patients suffering from unilateral shoulder pain. Exclusion criteria were shoulder fractures, prior shoulder joint surgery and shoulder injections in the past month. The physicians performing the most common clinical shoulder examinations were blinded to the results of the high resolution ultrasonography and vice versa.

          Results

          In order to detect pathology of the m. supraspinatus tendon, the Hawkins and Kennedy impingement test showed the highest sensitivity (0.86) whereas the Jobe supraspinatus test showed the highest specificity (0.55). To identify m. subscapularis tendon pathology the Gerber lift off test showed a sensitivity of 1, whereas the belly press test showed the higher specificity (0.72). The infraspinatus test showed a high sensitivity (0.90) and specificity (0.74). All AC tests (painful arc II a, AC joint tenderness b, cross body adduction stress test c) showed high specificities ( a0.96, b0.99, c0.96). Evaluating the long biceps tendon, the palm up test showed the highest sensitivity (0.47) and the Yergason test the highest specificity (0.88).

          Conclusion

          Knowledge of sensitivity and specificity of various clinical tests is important for the interpretation of clinical examination test results. High resolution ultrasonography is needed in most cases to establish a clear diagnosis.

          Translated abstract

          Cel badania

          Ultrasonografia wysokiej rozdzielczości jest metodą niebolesną i nieinwazyjną. Jej duża przydatność w diagnostyce bólu stawu łopatkowo-ramiennego wynika z niedoskonałości badania przedmiotowego w ocenie tej patologii. Celem pracy było porównanie wyników badania przedmiotowego i ultrasonograficznego o wysokiej rozdzielczości, wykonywanych u pacjentów z bólem stawu łopatkowo-ramiennego.

          Materiał i metoda

          Badanie obserwacyjne 100 dorosłych pacjentów z jednostronnym bólem stawu łopatkowo-ramiennego. Nie wykonywano procedur inwazyjnych. Kryteria wyłączenia: złamania w obrębie stawu łopatkowo-ramiennego, przebyte operacje stawu łopatkowo-ramiennego oraz iniekcje dostawowe w tym stawie w ciągu ostatniego miesiąca. Wykonujący standardowe badanie fizykalne stawu łopatkowo-ramiennego klinicyści nie mieli dostępu do wyników badań ultrasonograficznych a ultrasonografiści – do wyników badań fizykalnych.

          Wyniki

          Test ciasnoty Hawkinsa i Kennedy'ego stosowany w diagnostyce patologii ścięgna mięśnia nadgrzebieniowego wykazał największą czułość (0,86), a test mięśnia nadgrzebieniowego Jobe'a największą swoistość (0,55). W ocenie zmian ścięgna mięśnia podłopatkowego test uniesienia kończyny od pośladka Gerbera wykazał czułość 1, podczas gdy test ucisku brzucha „belly press” odznaczył się wyższą swoistością (0,72). Oporowy test mięśnia podgrzebieniowego wykazał wysoką czułość (0,90) i swoistość (0,74). Wszystkie testy stosowane w patologiach stawu barkowo-obojczykowego (test bolesnego łuku a, test uciskowy stawu barkowo-obojczykowego b, test skrzyżowanego przywodzenia c) cechowały się wysoką wrażliwością ( a0,96, b0,99, c0,96). W przypadku patologii ścięgna głowy długiej mięśnia dwugłowego ramienia, test dłoni zwróconej ku górze wykazał najwyższą czułość (0,47), a test Yergasona najwyższą wrażliwość (0,88).

          Wnioski

          Znajomość czułości i swoistości poszczególnych testów jest niezbędna do właściwej interpretacji badania fizykalnego stawu łopatkowo-ramiennego. Ultrasonografia o wysokiej rozdzielczości jest potrzebna do postawienia jednoznacznej diagnozy w większości przypadków.

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          Most cited references38

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          Prevalence and risk factors of a rotator cuff tear in the general population.

          Little information is available about the epidemiology of rotator cuff tears in a population-based study. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the true prevalence of rotator cuff tears regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms in the general population and to assess the relationship between tears and their backgrounds. A medical check-up was conducted for residents of a mountain village in Japan. The subjects consisted of 683 people (total of 1,366 shoulders), including 229 males and 454 females with a mean age of 57.9 years (range, 22-87). We examined their background factors, physical examinations and ultrasonographic examinations on both shoulders. Rotator cuff tears were present in 20.7% and the prevalence increased with age. Thirty-six percent of the subjects with current symptoms had rotator cuff tears, while 16.9% of the subjects without symptoms also had rotator cuff tears. Rotator cuff tears in the general population were most commonly associated with elderly patients, males, affected the dominant arm, engaged in heavy labor, having a history of trauma, positive for impingement sign, showed lesser active forward elevation and weaker muscle strength in abduction and external rotation. A logistic regression analysis revealed the risk factors for a rotator cuff tear to be a history of trauma, dominant arm and age. 20.7% of 1,366 shoulders had full-thickness rotator cuff tears in the general population. The risk factors for rotator cuff tear included a history of trauma, dominant arm and age. Level 3.
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            Guidelines for musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology.

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              Abnormal findings on magnetic resonance images of asymptomatic shoulders.

              Magnetic resonance images of the shoulders of ninety-six asymptomatic individuals were evaluated to determine the prevalence of findings consistent with a tear of the rotator cuff. The scans were reviewed independently by two diagnostic radiologists who are experienced in the interpretation of magnetic resonance images of the shoulder. The over-all prevalence of tears of the rotator cuff in all age-groups was 34 per cent (thirty-three). There were fourteen full-thickness tears (15 per cent) and nineteen partial-thickness tears (20 per cent). The frequency of full-thickness and partial-thickness tears increased significantly with age (p < 0.001 and 0.05, respectively). Twenty-five (54 per cent) of the forty-six individuals who were more than sixty years old had a tear of the rotator cuff: thirteen (28 per cent) had a full-thickness tear and twelve (26 per cent) had a partial-thickness tear. Of the twenty-five individuals who were forty to sixty years old, one (4 per cent) had a full-thickness tear and six (24 per cent) had a partial-thickness tear. Of the twenty-five individuals who were nineteen to thirty-nine years old, none had a full-thickness tear and one (4 per cent) had a partial-thickness tear. Magnetic resonance imaging identified a high prevalence of tears of the rotator cuff in asymptomatic individuals. These tears were increasingly frequent with advancing age and were compatible with normal, painless, functional activity. The results of the present study emphasize the potential hazards of the use of magnetic resonance imaging scans alone as a basis for the determination of operative intervention in the absence of associated clinical findings.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Ultrason
                J Ultrason
                JoU
                Journal of Ultrasonography
                Medical Communications Sp. z o.o.
                2084-8404
                30 March 2015
                March 2015
                : 15
                : 60
                : 29-44
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
                [2 ]Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
                [3 ]Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
                [4 ]Sonography Institute Glattpark, Zurich, Switzerland
                [5 ]Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
                [6 ]Ultrasound Center, Department of Rheumatology, Bethesda Hospital Basel, Switzerland
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Raphael Micheroli, Kantonsspital Glarus, Burgstrasse 99, 8750 Glarus, Switzerland. tel.: +41556463227. e-mail: rmicheroli@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                0003
                10.15557/JoU.2015.0003
                4579705
                400dcf28-10fa-496d-8670-8c9d84374d07
                2015 Polish Ultrasound Society. Published by Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 07 September 2014
                : 19 November 2014
                : 05 December 2014
                Categories
                Original Paper

                ultrasonography,physical examination,shoulder,pain,diagnosis

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