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      Protective Effect of Vitamin C against Infancy Rat Corneal Injury Caused by Acute UVB Irradiation

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Studies have shown that corneas of young children were more susceptible to Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation damage. However, there exist limited information about the harm of UVB to eyes and preventive measures on infancy. Vitamin C as an antioxidant is widely used to prevent many diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of vitamin C on the cornea of infant rats with acute UVB injury.

          Method

          Thirty-six infant rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (CON) group, UVB (UVB) group, and UVB+vitamin C (UVB+VitC) group. The UVB group was exposed to UVB irradiation (8 J/cm 2, 15 min/d, 7 d) and the UVB+vitamin C group suffered the same UVB irradiation treated with vitamin C at the dose of 40 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection. Then, corneal morphology was detected in vivo and in vitro at 7 d post-UVB exposure. Furthermore, serum inflammatory factors (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- α) and oxidative status (4-HNE and MDA) were detected by ELISA, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor- α (VEGF- α) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cornea was detected by western blot or immunofluorescent staining.

          Results

          Slit lamp detection revealed that the area of corneal desquamation and corneal neovascularization in the UVB+VitC group was significantly less than those in the UVB group at 7 d post-UVB exposure (all p < 0.05). OCT results showed that the thickness of the central cornea in the UVB+VitC group was decreased than that in the UVB group ( p < 0.05). The serum inflammatory factors (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- α) and oxidative status (4-HNE and MDA) in the UVB group were significantly increased compared with the CON group (all p < 0.05), while those factors in the UVB+VitC group were decreased compared with those in the UVB group. Furthermore, the expression of VEGF- α in the UVB+VitC group was dramatically decreased compared with that in the UVB group ( p < 0.05), and the expression of SOD2 in the UVB+VitC group was dramatically increased compared with that in the UVB group at 7 d post-UVB exposure ( p < 0.05).

          Conclusion

          Vitamin C could protect infant rats from corneal injury induced by UVB via alleviating corneal edema, improving corneal inflammatory reaction, and decreasing VEGF- α expression.

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          Photochemoprevention of ultraviolet B signaling and photocarcinogenesis.

          Farrukh Afaq, Hasan Mukhtar, Vaqar M. Adhami (2005)
          Exposure to solar radiation, particularly its ultraviolet (UV) B component, has a variety of harmful effects on human health. Some of these effects include sunburn cell formation, basal and squamous cell cancers, melanoma, cataracts, photoaging of the skin, and immune suppression. Amongst these various adverse effects of UV radiation, skin cancer is of the greatest concern. Over the years, changes in lifestyle has led to a significant increase in the amount of UV radiation that people receive, and this consequently has led to a surge in the incidence of skin cancer. The development of skin cancer is a complex multistage phenomenon involving three distinct stages exemplified by initiation, promotion and progression stages. Each of these stages is mediated via alterations in various cellular, biochemical, and molecular changes. Initiation, the first step in the carcinogenesis process is essentially an irreversible step in which genetic alterations occur in genes that ultimately leads to DNA modification and fixation of mutation. Tumor promotion is the essential process in cancer development involving clonal expansion of initiated cells giving rise to pre-malignant and then to malignant lesions, essentially by alterations in signal transduction pathways. Tumor progression involves the conversion of pre-malignant and malignant lesions into an invasive and potentially metastatic malignant tumor. All these processes for skin cancer development involve stimulation of DNA synthesis, DNA damage and proliferation, inflammation, immunosuppression, epidermal hyperplasia, cell cycle dysregulation, depletion of antioxidant defenses, impairment of signal transduction pathways, induction of cyclooxygenase, increase in prostaglandin synthesis, and induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Photochemoprevention has been appreciated as a viable approach to reduce the occurrence of skin cancer and in recent years, the use of agents, especially botanical antioxidants, present in the common diet and beverages consumed by human population have gained considerable attention as photochemopreventive agents for human use. Many such agents have also found a place in skin care products. Although this is more common in oriental countries, its popularity is significantly growing in western countries. In this article, we have summarized the available information of laboratory studies on UVB-mediated signaling that can be exploited as targets for photochemoprevention. We suggest that the use of skin care products supplemented with proven chemopreventive agents in conjunction with the use of sunscreens along with educational efforts may be an effective strategy for reducing UV-induced photodamage and skin cancer in humans. The mechanistic basis for the use of such products is discussed.
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            Ultraviolet light and ocular diseases.

            Jason Yam, Alvin Kwok (2014)
            The objective of this study is to review the association between ultraviolet (UV) light and ocular diseases. The data are sourced from the literature search of Medline up to Nov 2012, and the extracted data from original articles, review papers, and book chapters were reviewed. There is a strong evidence that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is associated with the formation of eyelid malignancies [basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)], photokeratitis, climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK), pterygium, and cortical cataract. However, the evidence of the association between UV exposure and development of pinguecula, nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract, ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), and ocular melanoma remained limited. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is related to UV exposure. It is now suggested that AMD is probably related to visible radiation especially blue light, rather than UV exposure. From the results, it was concluded that eyelid malignancies (BCC and SCC), photokeratitis, CDK, pterygium, and cortical cataract are strongly associated with UVR exposure. Evidence of the association between UV exposure and development of pinguecula, nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract, OSSN, and ocular melanoma remained limited. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether AMD is related to UV exposure. Simple behaviural changes, appropriate clothing, wearing hats, and UV blocking spectacles, sunglasses or contact lens are effective measures for UV protection.
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              Ascorbic acid: its role in immune system and chronic inflammation diseases.

              Angela Sorice, Eliana Guerriero, Francesca Capone … (2014)
              Ascorbic acid (AA), also known as vitamin C, was initially identified as the factor preventing the scurvy disease, and became very popular for its antioxidant properties. It is an important co-substrate of a large class of enzymes, and regulates gene expression by interacting with important transcription factors. AA is important in all stressful conditions that are linked to inflammatory processes and involve immunity. It has been known for decades that the persistence of an inflammatory stimulus is responsible for the onset of many diseases. AA is essential to stimulate the immune system by increasing the strength and protection of the organism. Therefore, its immunostimulant, antinflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial roles are well known, we have summarized its main functions in different types of diseases related to the immune system and chronic inflammation. We can conclude that AA, due to its effects and diversity of regulated pathways, is suitable for use in various fields of medicine including immunology, toxicology, radiobiology and others. AA is not preferable to be used as an isolated mode of treatment, but it can be co-applied as an adjuvant to regulate immunity, gene expression and other important physiological processes. However, we propose that future studies will take into consideration the research of new combinations of antioxidant natural substances and drugs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Pan Long:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-5596
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 May 2020
                Volume: 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 8089273
                Affiliations
                1Graduate School, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
                2Department of Imaging Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
                3Lourdes High School, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
                4Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
                5Department of Ophthalmology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610083, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Mauro S. Oliveira

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-5596
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2020/8089273
                PMC ID: 7273459
                SO-VID: 402b3d29-fa68-413f-928b-337bdd9ffc72
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Wei Chen et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 6 June 2019
                Date revision received : 29 February 2020
                Date accepted : 11 March 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Social Development Key Projects of Shaanxi Province
                Award ID: 2017ZDXM-SF-023
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81471409
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Data availability:

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