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      Pupilometría por infrarrojos para el monitoreo de la analgesia transoperatoria en pacientes bajo anestesia general Translated title: Infrared pupillometry for monitoring transoperative analgesia in patients under general anesthesia

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Nuestro objetivo es establecer si la pupilometría por infrarrojos es útil para medir el nivel de analgesia en pacientes bajo anestesia general y correlacionar los valores de la pupilometría con los signos vitales, BIS y la concentración plasmática del opioide al momento del estímulo nociceptivo. Estudio: piloto, descriptivo, prospectivo, con muestra no probabilística y asignación consecutiva; reclutamos a 20 mujeres con cáncer de mama programadas para mastectomía radical y disección axilar. Se monitorizaron signos vitales y BIS (índice biespectral). Se aplicó anestesia general balanceada con desflurano y perfusiones de sufentanil y lidocaína. Utilizamos el video pupilómetro Neurolight Algiscan (Idimed). La primera medición se realizó un minuto después de la primera incisión, y la segunda, en la disección axilar. En ambas se anotaron signos vitales, valor de BIS, y se calculó la concentración plasmática de opioide. Los resultados se analizaron con una regresión lineal simple (Excel 2010). Conclusión: El valor cuantitativo medido por la pupilometría se correlaciona con el nivel de concentración plasmática del opioide y no tiene correlación estadística con los signos vitales o de BIS. La pupilometría por infrarrojos fue útil para medir el grado de analgesia transoperatoria en pacientes bajo anestesia general. Es el primer estudio de este tipo en México.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Our aim is to establish if infrared pupillometry is useful to measure the analgesia level in patients under general anesthesia and to correlate the pupillometry values with the vital signs, the BIS and the opioid plasma concentration when the nociceptive stimulus is presented. Research: pilot, descriptive, prospective, with a non-probabilistic sample and consecutive assignation. A group of 20 women with breast cancer was recruited. All of them were scheduled for a radical mastectomy and an axillary dissection. Their vital signs and BIS were monitored. Balanced general anesthesia was applied with desflurane, and sufentanil and lidocaine infusions. We worked with the video pupillometer Neurolight Algiscan (Idimed). The first measurement was performed a minute after the first incision, and the second, at the axillary dissection. In both, the vital signs and the BIS values were recorded and the opioid concentration was calculated. Results were analyzed with a simple linear regression (Excel 2010). Conclusion: The quantitative value measured by the pupillometry agrees with the opioid plasma concentration; statistically, it is not correlated with the vital signs or BIS. Infrared pupillometry was useful to measure the intraoperative analgesia level in patients under general anesthesia. It is the first research of this kind in Mexico.

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          Assessment of surgical stress during general anaesthesia.

          Inadequate analgesia during general anaesthesia may present as undesirable haemodynamic responses. No objective measures of the adequacy of analgesia exist. We aimed at developing a simple numerical measure of the level of surgical stress in an anaesthetized patient. Sixty and 12 female patients were included in the development and validation data sets, respectively. All patients had elective surgery with propofol-remifentanil target controlled anaesthesia. Finger photoplethysmography and electrocardiography waveforms were recorded throughout anaesthesia and various waveform parameters were extracted off-line. Total surgical stress (TSS) for a patient was estimated based on stimulus intensity and remifentanil concentration. The surgical stress index (SSI) was developed to correlate with the TSS estimate in the development data set. The performance of SSI was validated within the validation data set during and before surgery, especially at skin incision and during changes of the predicted remifentanil effect-site concentration. SSI was computed as a combination of normalized heart beat interval (HBI(norm)) and plethysmographic pulse wave amplitude (PPGA(norm)): SSI = 100-(0.7*PPGA(norm)+0.3*HBI(norm)). SSI increased at skin incision and stayed higher during surgery than before surgery; SSI responded to remifentanil concentration changes and was higher at the lower concentrations of remifentanil. SSI reacts to surgical nociceptive stimuli and analgesic drug concentration changes during propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia. Further validation studies of SSI are needed to elucidate its usefulness during other anaesthetic and surgical conditions.
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            Modulation of physiological reflexes by pain: role of the locus coeruleus

            The locus coeruleus (LC) is activated by noxious stimuli, and this activation leads to inhibition of perceived pain. As two physiological reflexes, the acoustic startle reflex and the pupillary light reflex, are sensitive to noxious stimuli, this review considers evidence that this sensitivity, at least to some extent, is mediated by the LC. The acoustic startle reflex, contraction of a large body of skeletal muscles in response to a sudden loud acoustic stimulus, can be enhanced by both directly (“sensitization”) and indirectly (“fear conditioning”) applied noxious stimuli. Fear-conditioning involves the association of a noxious (unconditioned) stimulus with a neutral (conditioned) stimulus (e.g., light), leading to the ability of the conditioned stimulus to evoke the “pain response”. The enhancement of the startle response by conditioned fear (“fear-potentiated startle”) involves the activation of the amygdala. The LC may also be involved in both sensitization and fear potentiation: pain signals activate the LC both directly and indirectly via the amygdala, which results in enhanced motoneurone activity, leading to an enhanced muscular response. Pupil diameter is under dual sympathetic/parasympathetic control, the sympathetic (noradrenergic) output dilating, and the parasympathetic (cholinergic) output constricting the pupil. The light reflex (constriction of the pupil in response to a light stimulus) operates via the parasympathetic output. The LC exerts a dual influence on pupillary control: it contributes to the sympathetic outflow and attenuates the parasympathetic output by inhibiting the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the preganglionic cholinergic nucleus in the light reflex pathway. Noxious stimulation results in pupil dilation (“reflex dilation”), without any change in the light reflex response, consistent with sympathetic activation via the LC. Conditioned fear, on the other hand, results in the attenuation of the light reflex response (“fear-inhibited light reflex”), consistent with the inhibition of the parasympathetic light reflex via the LC. It is suggested that directly applied pain and fear-conditioning may affect different populations of autonomic neurones in the LC, directly applied pain activating sympathetic and fear-conditioning parasympathetic premotor neurones.
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              Postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not reduced by intraoperative analgesia guided by analgesia nociception index (ANI ® ) monitoring: a randomized clinical trial

              Laparoscopic cholecystectomy frequently results in significant immediate postoperative pain. A new pain monitor, analgesic nociception index (ANI®), based on heart rate variability, has recently been approved for intraoperative nociception monitoring. We designed a single-blind, parallel-group, randomized control trial to test the hypothesis that protocol-driven intraoperative analgesia guided by ANI during laparoscopic cholecystectomy would improve titration of intraoperative analgesics leading to decreased postoperative pain.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                amga
                Acta médica Grupo Ángeles
                Acta méd. Grupo Ángeles
                Grupo Ángeles, Servicios de Salud (México, Distrito Federal, Mexico )
                1870-7203
                June 2016
                : 14
                : 2
                : 69-76
                Affiliations
                [1] Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidad La Salle Mexico
                [2] Distrito Federal orgnameHospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" orgdiv1Unidad de Oncología orgdiv2Servicio de Anestesiología México
                Article
                S1870-72032016000200069 S1870-7203(16)01400200069
                4033817d-f8e4-4403-b822-b9d8ae2d474a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 November 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos originales

                Pupilometría por infrarrojos,transoperative monitoring,Algiscan,Infrared pupillometry,monitoreo transoperatorio

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