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      Helminth and protozoan parasites of subterranean rodents (Chordata, Mammalia, Rodentia) of the world

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          Abstract

          Published studies and ten new unpublished records included herein reveal that approximately 174 species of endoparasites (helminths and protozoans) are known from 65 of 163 species of rodents that occupy the subterranean ecotope globally. Of those, 94 endoparasite species were originally described from these rodents. A total of 282 host-parasite associations are summarized from four major zoogeographic regions including Ethiopian, Palearctic/Oriental, Nearctic, and Neotropical. Thirty-four parasite records from the literature have been identified to only the level of the genus. In this summary, ten new records have been added, and the most current taxonomic status of each parasite species is noted. Interestingly, there are no data on endoparasites from more than 68% of described subterranean rodents, which indicates that discovery and documentation are at an early stage and must continue.

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          Convergence, adaptation, and constraint.

          Convergent evolution of similar phenotypic features in similar environmental contexts has long been taken as evidence of adaptation. Nonetheless, recent conceptual and empirical developments in many fields have led to a proliferation of ideas about the relationship between convergence and adaptation. Despite criticism from some systematically minded biologists, I reaffirm that convergence in taxa occupying similar selective environments often is the result of natural selection. However, convergent evolution of a trait in a particular environment can occur for reasons other than selection on that trait in that environment, and species can respond to similar selective pressures by evolving nonconvergent adaptations. For these reasons, studies of convergence should be coupled with other methods-such as direct measurements of selection or investigations of the functional correlates of trait evolution-to test hypotheses of adaptation. The independent acquisition of similar phenotypes by the same genetic or developmental pathway has been suggested as evidence of constraints on adaptation, a view widely repeated as genomic studies have documented phenotypic convergence resulting from change in the same genes, sometimes even by the same mutation. Contrary to some claims, convergence by changes in the same genes is not necessarily evidence of constraint, but rather suggests hypotheses that can test the relative roles of constraint and selection in directing phenotypic evolution. © 2011 The Author(s). Evolution© 2011 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
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            Mammals of Bolivia, taxonomy and distribution

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              Disparate rates of molecular evolution in cospeciating hosts and parasites.

              DNA sequences for the gene encoding mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I in a group of rodents (pocket gophers) and their ectoparasites (chewing lice) provide evidence for cospeciation and reveal different rates of molecular evolution in the hosts and their parasites. The overall rate of nucleotide substitution (both silent and replacement changes) is approximately three times higher in lice, and the rate of synonymous substitution (based on analysis of fourfold degenerate sites) is approximately an order of magnitude greater in lice. The difference in synonymous substitution rate between lice and gophers correlates with a difference of similar magnitude in generation times.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: Visualization
                Role: Resources
                Role: Writing - review and editingRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Resources
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                2
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2023
                01 March 2023
                : 1151
                : 159-203
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, W-529 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA University of Nebraska State Museum Lincoln United States of America
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Scott L. Gardner (slg@unl.edu)

                Academic editor: D. Gibson

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0669-6868
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3133-740X
                Article
                97126
                10.3897/zookeys.1151.97126
                10207929
                410aafb7-b616-45e7-9028-a9e85295e83f
                Altangerel T. Dursahinhan, Daniel A. Kenkel, Scott L. Gardner

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 03 November 2022
                : 04 February 2023
                Funding
                U.S. National Science Foundation via grants DEB-0717214, DBI-0646356, DBI-DBI-9631295, and DBI-9411976.
                Categories
                Checklist
                Animalia
                Chordata
                Mammalia
                Placentalia
                Protozoa
                Rodentia
                Theria
                Vertebrata
                Biodiversity & Conservation
                Biogeography
                Ecology & Environmental sciences
                Africa
                Americas
                Asia
                Europe

                Animal science & Zoology
                bathyergidae,cricetidae,ctenomyidae,endoparasite,geomyidae,heterocephalidae,octodontidae,spalacidae

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