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      Activity, Climate, and Postcranial Robusticity : Implications for Modern Human Origins and Scenarios of Adaptive Change

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      Journal: Current Anthropology
      Publisher: University of Chicago Press

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          The surface of the ice-age Earth.

          (1976)
          In the Northern Hemisphere the 18,000 B.P. world differed strikingly from the present in the huge land-based ice sheets, reaching approximately 3 km in thickness, and in a dramatic increase in the extent of pack ice and marine-based ice sheets. In the Southern Hemisphere the most striking contrast was the greater extent of sea ice. On land, grasslands, steppes, and deserts spread at the expense of forests. This change in vegetation, together with extensive areas of permanent ice and sandy outwash plains, caused an increase in global surface albedo over modern values. Sea level was lower by at least 85 m. The 18,000 B.P. oceans were characterized by: (i) marked steepening of thermal gradients along polar frontal systems, particularly in the North Atlantic and Antarctic; (ii) an equatorward displacement of polar frontal systems; (iii) general cooling of most surface waters, with a global average of -2.3 degrees C; (iv) increased cooling and up-welling along equatorial divergences in the Pacific and Atlantic; (v) low temperatures extending equatorward along the western coast of Africa, Australia, and South America, indicating increased upwelling and advection of cool waters; and (vi) nearly stable positions and temperatures of the central gyres in the subtropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.
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            Willow Smoke and Dogs' Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation

            Lewis Binford (1980)
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              Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo.

              C Ruff, E Trinkaus, T. W. Holliday (1997)
              Many dramatic changes in morphology within the genus Homo have occurred over the past 2 million years or more, including large increases in absolute brain size and decreases in postcanine dental size and skeletal robusticity. Body mass, as the 'size' variable against which other morphological features are usually judged, has been important for assessing these changes. Yet past body mass estimates for Pleistocene Homo have varied greatly, sometimes by as much as 50% for the same individuals. Here we show that two independent methods of body-mass estimation yield concordant results when applied to Pleistocene Homo specimens. On the basis of an analysis of 163 individuals, body mass in Pleistocene Homo averaged significantly (about 10%) larger than a representative sample of living humans. Relative to body mass, brain mass in late archaic H. sapiens (Neanderthals) was slightly smaller than in early 'anatomically modern' humans, but the major increase in encephalization within Homo occurred earlier during the Middle Pleistocene (600-150 thousand years before present (kyr BP)), preceded by a long period of stasis extending through the Early Pleistocene (1,800 kyr BP).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Current Anthropology
                Abbreviated Title: Current Anthropology
                Publisher: University of Chicago Press
                ISSN (Print): 0011-3204
                ISSN (Electronic): 1537-5382
                Publication date Created: August 2000
                Publication date (Print): August 2000
                Volume: 41
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 569-607
                Article
                DOI: 10.1086/317382
                SO-VID: 4131999e-ed32-45cf-9e47-2b71e07cb194
                Copyright © © 2000
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