Molecular surveillance for avian influenza A virus in king penguins ( Aptenodytes patagonicus )

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Abstract

An investigation of the presence of influenza A virus has been conducted in king penguins ( Aptenodytes patagonicus) at the Possession Island in the Crozet Archipelago, Antarctica, using a rapid molecular diagnostic method based on real-time polymerase chain reaction. No evidence of outbreak or positive viral infection of influenza A virus was found in this study. We however recommend the implementation of long-term surveillance in seabird populations of polar ecosystems to detect the potential introduction of exotic strains and potential existence of a local epidemiological cycle for avian influenza viruses.

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Most cited references 16

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A review of avian influenza in different bird species.

Dennis Alexander (2000)

Only type A influenza viruses are known to cause natural infections in birds, but viruses of all 15 haemagglutinin and all nine neuraminidase influenza A subtypes in the majority of possible combinations have been isolated from avian species. Influenza A viruses infecting poultry can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their ability to cause disease. The very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), in which mortality may be as high as 100%. These viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all viruses of these subtypes cause HPAI. All other viruses cause a much milder, primarily respiratory disease, which may be exacerbated by other infections or environmental conditions. Since 1959, primary outbreaks of HPAI in poultry have been reported 17 times (eight since 1990), five in turkeys and 12 in chickens. HPAI viruses are rarely isolated from wild birds, but extremely high isolation rates of viruses of low virulence for poultry have been recorded in surveillance studies, giving overall figures of about 15% for ducks and geese and around 2% for all other species. Influenza viruses have been shown to affect all types of domestic or captive birds in all areas of the world, but the frequency with which primary infections occur in any type of bird depends on the degree of contact there is with feral birds. Secondary spread is usually associated with human involvement, probably by transferring infective faeces from infected to susceptible birds.

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Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents.

Taisuke Horimoto, Yoshihiro Kawaoka (2005)

Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections (H5 and H7 subtypes) in poultry and in humans (through direct contact with infected birds) have had important economic repercussions and have raised concerns that a new influenza pandemic will occur in the near future. The eradication of pathogenic avian influenza viruses seems to be the most effective way to prevent influenza pandemics, although this strategy has not proven successful so far. Here, we review the molecular factors that contribute to the emergence of pandemic strains.

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Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications.

Yves Frenot, Patricia M Selkirk, D. Bergström … (2005)

Alien microbes, fungi, plants and animals occur on most of the sub-Antarctic islands and some parts of the Antarctic continent. These have arrived over approximately the last two centuries, coincident with human activity in the region. Introduction routes have varied, but are largely associated with movement of people and cargo in connection with industrial, national scientific program and tourist operations. The large majority of aliens are European in origin. They have both direct and indirect impacts on the functioning of species-poor Antarctic ecosystems, in particular including substantial loss of local biodiversity and changes to ecosystem processes. With rapid climate change occurring in some parts of Antarctica, elevated numbers of introductions and enhanced success of colonization by aliens are likely, with consequent increases in impacts on ecosystems. Mitigation measures that will substantially reduce the risk of introductions to Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic must focus on reducing propagule loads on humans, and their food, cargo, and transport vessels.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Chung-Ming Chang: +886-3-2118800 , +886-3-2118700 , cmchang@mail.cgu.edu.tw

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Polar Biol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Polar Biol

Title: Polar Biology

Publisher: Springer-Verlag (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 0722-4060

ISSN (Electronic): 1432-2056

Publication date (Electronic): 6 February 2009

Publication date (Print): 2009

Volume: 32

Issue: 4

Electronic Location Identifier: 663

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.428999.7, ISNI 0000000123536535, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus Respiratoires, URA3015 CNRS, , EA302 Université Paris-Diderot Paris 7, Institut Pasteur, ; 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France

[2 ]GRID grid.4399.7, ISNI 0000000122879528, Génétique et Évolution des Maladies Infectieuses, UMR 2724, , IRD, ; 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France

[3 ]GRID grid.452794.9, ISNI 0000000121975833, Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, ; Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France

[4 ]GRID grid.462076.1, ISNI 0000000099095847, Département d’Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, , Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178, ; 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France

[5 ]GRID grid.145695.a, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, , Chang Gung University, ; 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333 Taiwan

Article

Publisher ID: 587

DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0587-4

PMC ID: 7087602

SO-VID: 418ff23c-6cde-4a9c-95da-8ecee079f5c5

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This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

History

Date received : 19 September 2008

Date revision received : 16 January 2009

Date accepted : 19 January 2009

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Keywords: avian influenza virus,surveillance,king penguin,real-time polymerase chain reaction

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Keywords: avian influenza virus, surveillance, king penguin, real-time polymerase chain reaction

Molecular surveillance for avian influenza A virus in king penguins ( Aptenodytes patagonicus)

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Abstract

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IET: COVID-19 related research

Most cited references 16

A review of avian influenza in different bird species.

Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents.

Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications.

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