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      Socio-demographic and psychological features associated with smoking in pregnancy Translated title: Características sociodemográficas e psicológicas associadas ao tabagismo na gravidez

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective

          To investigate how social and psychological characteristics differ between pregnant women who smoke and do not smoke. To explore associations between social and psychological features with changes of smoking habits by the end of pregnancy.

          Methods

          A case-control study was set up. Smokers cases were never-smokers and ex-smokers controls. Pregnant women (n=328) from public prenatal services were interviewed. Socio-demographic data and psychological variables – personality traits, anxiety, depression, perceived stress, maternal fetal-attachment - were measured. Saliva samples were collected to measure cotinine and to check self-informed smoking status. In addition, 66 smokers were also assessed regarding smoking habits by late pregnancy. Smoking status was defined as a dependent variable. Exposure factors were analyzed through odds ratios. Logistic models and contingency tables were employed according to the nature of variables. “Qualitative change in smoking” was defined as a dependent variable for the last evaluation, and a logistic regression model was built.

          Results

          Lower schooling, higher age, use of alcohol and drugs, living without a partner, and passive smoking showed associations with smoking. Anxiety, depression and perceived stress also exhibited positive association with smoking. Among personality traits, only Neuroticism was associated with smoking. None of the variables were associated with qualitative change in smoking by the end of pregnancy.

          Conclusion

          Smoking during pregnancy is associated with more unfavorable social conditions. Pregnant women who smoke exhibit more negative psychological states than nonsmokers, including a profile of accentuated Neuroticism. None of the investigated variables could predict changes in smoking during pregnancy.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo

          Investigar como as características sociais e psicológicas diferem entre gestantes fumantes e não fumantes. Explorar associações entre características sociais e psicológicas com mudanças nos hábitos de fumar no final da gravidez.

          Métodos

          Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle. Fumantes eram casos e ex-fumantes ou nunca fumantes os controles. Foram entrevistadas gestantes (n = 328) de serviços públicos de pré-natal. Dados sociodemográficos e variáveis ​​psicológicas – traços de personalidade, ansiedade, depressão, estresse percebido, apego materno-fetal – foram medidos. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas para medir a cotinina e verificar o tabagismo autorelatado. Além disso, 66 fumantes também foram avaliadas em relação aos hábitos tabágicos no final da gravidez. O tabagismo foi definido como uma variável dependente. Os fatores de exposição foram analisados ​​por meio de odds ratio. Modelos logísticos e tabelas de contingência foram empregados de acordo com a natureza das variáveis. “Mudança qualitativa no tabagismo” foi definida como variável dependente na última avaliação, e um modelo de regressão logística foi construído.

          Resultados

          Menor escolaridade, maior idade, uso de álcool e drogas, viver sem companheiro e tabagismo passivo mostraram associações com o tabagismo. Ansiedade, depressão e estresse percebido também exibiram associação positiva com o tabagismo. Entre os traços de personalidade, apenas o neuroticismo foi associado ao tabagismo. Nenhuma das variáveis ​​foi associada à mudança qualitativa no tabagismo ao final da gravidez.

          Conclusão

          Fumar durante a gravidez está associado a condições sociais mais desfavoráveis. Mulheres grávidas que fumam apresentam mais estados psicológicos negativos do que não fumantes, incluindo um perfil de neuroticismo acentuado. Nenhuma das variáveis ​​investigadas pode predizer mudanças no tabagismo durante a gravidez.

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          Most cited references49

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          An Introduction to the Five-Factor Model and Its Applications

          The five-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnaires supports the comprehensiveness of the model and its applicability across observers and cultures. This article summarizes the history of the model and its supporting evidence; discusses conceptions of the nature of the factors; and outlines an agenda for theorizing about the origins and operation of the factors. We argue that the model should prove useful both for individual assessment and for the elucidation of a number of topics of interest to personality psychologists.
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            Transtornos do humor em enfermaria de clínica médica e validação de escala de medida (HAD) de ansiedade e depressão

            Para estimar a prevalência de transtornos do humor, foram utilizadas a entrevista estruturada, "Clinical Interview Schedule" (CIS-R), e a escala "Hospital Anxiety and Depression" (HAD) em 78 pacientes internados em uma enfermaria geral de adultos (43 homens e 35 mulheres, média de idade = 43,2 anos). Foi encontrada prevalência instantânea de 39% de transtornos do humor. Dezesseis (20,5%) pacientes preencheram critérios para ansiedade, a maioria dos casos sendo de gravidade leve. Vinte e seis (33%) casos de depressão foram detectados, 7 dos quais de gravidade moderada. Observou-se uma combinação de sintomas de preocupação, depressão, ansiedade e insônia. A HAD mostrou-se de fácil compreensão pelos pacientes. As subescalas de ansiedade e de depressão tiveram consistência interna de 0,68 e 0,77, respectivamente. A correlação dos itens com as respectivas subescalas sugere que essas possuem validades convergentes, não discriminantes. Com ponto de corte 8/9, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram 93,7% e 72,6%, para ansiedade, e 84,6% e 90,3%, para depressão. Na prática clínica, a utilização da HAD poderia auxiliar na detecção de casos de transtornos do humor que necessitam de tratamento.
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              Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis

              Objective To investigate change in mental health after smoking cessation compared with continuing to smoke. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Data sources Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO for relevant studies from inception to April 2012. Reference lists of included studies were hand searched, and authors were contacted when insufficient data were reported. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Longitudinal studies of adults that assessed mental health before smoking cessation and at least six weeks after cessation or baseline in healthy and clinical populations. Results 26 studies that assessed mental health with questionnaires designed to measure anxiety, depression, mixed anxiety and depression, psychological quality of life, positive affect, and stress were included. Follow-up mental health scores were measured between seven weeks and nine years after baseline. Anxiety, depression, mixed anxiety and depression, and stress significantly decreased between baseline and follow-up in quitters compared with continuing smokers: the standardised mean differences (95% confidence intervals) were anxiety −0.37 (95% confidence interval −0.70 to −0.03); depression −0.25 (−0.37 to −0.12); mixed anxiety and depression −0.31 (−0.47 to −0.14); stress −0.27 (−0.40 to −0.13). Both psychological quality of life and positive affect significantly increased between baseline and follow-up in quitters compared with continuing smokers 0.22 (0.09 to 0.36) and 0.40 (0.09 to 0.71), respectively). There was no evidence that the effect size differed between the general population and populations with physical or psychiatric disorders. Conclusions Smoking cessation is associated with reduced depression, anxiety, and stress and improved positive mood and quality of life compared with continuing to smoke. The effect size seems as large for those with psychiatric disorders as those without. The effect sizes are equal or larger than those of antidepressant treatment for mood and anxiety disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                01 September 2021
                Sep-Oct 2021
                : 47
                : 5
                : e20210050
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalDepartamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP) Brasil.
                [2 ] originalDepartamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP) Brasil.
                [3 ] originalDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciência e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP) Brasil.
                [4 ] originalDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciência e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP) Brasil.
                [5 ] originalDepartamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP) Brasil.
                [6 ] originalDisciplina de Pneumologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: José Antonio Baddini-Martinez. Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Campus Universitário, CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. Tel.: 55 (16) 99147-6908. E-mail: baddini.martinez@ 123456unifesp.br

                AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS: ATLF: conceived study design, collected data, organized data for statistical analysis, interpreted results, wrote manuscript. ALRJ: contributed for study design, performed statical analysis, wrote manuscript. NCG: performed bioquemical analysis and interpretation, wrote manuscript. BSM: performed bioquemical analysis and interpretation, wrote manuscript. JABM: conceived study design, coordinated data collection, organized final data for statistical analysis, interpreted results, wrote manuscript.

                CONFLICT OF INTEREST: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-768X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1370-4122
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-5294
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2702-5190
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8160-5084
                Article
                jbpneuAO20210050_EN-PT 00200
                10.36416/1806-3756/e20210050
                8642815
                34495137
                420765e1-415c-4296-8174-0124c7e315fe
                © 2020 Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 May 2021
                : 31 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 40
                Categories
                Original Article

                smoking,pregnancy,psychology,psychosocial factors,personality traits,big five factor model of personality,perceived stress,anxiety,depression,tabagismo,gravidez,psicologia,fatores psicossociais,traços de personalidade,modelo de cinco grandes fatores de personalidade,estresse percebido,ansiedade,depressão

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