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      Variabilidad de la temperatura local en bosques de coníferas por efectos de la deforestación Translated title: Variability of local temperature in conifer forests as a consequence of deforestation

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          Abstract

          Ante lo prioritario que resulta la evaluación de los impactos de la deforestación sobre las variaciones del clima local en los bosques mexicanos, se planteó el estudio que se describe a continuación con el propósito de precisar la variabilidad de la temperatura (máxima, mínima y media) en algunas asociaciones de coníferas y áreas vecinas deforestadas en México, así como sus diferencias diurnas y nocturnas. Se ubicaron seis sitios en pinares, oyametales y en zonas sin arbolado próximas a los mismos en los estados de Tlaxcala, Coahuila, Michoacán, Jalisco y Durango, donde se colocaron Estaciones Meteorológicas Automáticas (EMA). Los resultados indican que las zonas deforestadas presentan mayor temperatura que las arboladas (de 0.43 °C a 0.69 °C). En el bosque de Pinus michoacana se registraron los valores más altos de temperatura, mientras que en el de Abies vejarii los menores. Entre las temperaturas diurnas y nocturnas se observó una diferencia media de 3 °C y predominó una temperatura superior en las territorios deforestados con 1.4 %, respecto a los cubiertos por árboles. Finalmente, las áreas con Pinus durangensis tuvieron la mayor oscilación de temperatura entre el día y la noche (arriba de 4 °C) y las de Abies religiosa, la más baja, con valores inferiores a 1.5 °C.

          Translated abstract

          Given that assessing the impact of deforestation on local climate changes in the Mexican forests is a priority, the study here described was carried out in order to determine the variability of temperature (maximum, minimum and average) in some conifer woods and neighboring deforested areas, as well as their daily and night differences. Six sites were located in Pinus and Abies forests and in nearby treeless areas in the states of Tlaxcala, Coahuila, Michoacán, Jalisco and Durango, where Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) were placed. The results revealed that the deforested areas are warmer than those with trees (by 0.43 °C to 0.69 °C). The Pinus michoacana forest showed the highest temperature values, while the lowest occurred at the Abies vejarii community. Between day and night temperatures, the average difference was 3 °C, and a higher temperature by 1.4 % prevailed in deforested areas compared to those covered by trees. Finally, by forest type, the areas with Pinus durangensis had the highest variation in temperature between day and night (by more than 4 °C) and those with Abies religiosa the lowest, with values below 1.5 °C.

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          Vegetación de México

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            Little change in global drought over the past 60 years.

            Drought is expected to increase in frequency and severity in the future as a result of climate change, mainly as a consequence of decreases in regional precipitation but also because of increasing evaporation driven by global warming. Previous assessments of historic changes in drought over the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries indicate that this may already be happening globally. In particular, calculations of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) show a decrease in moisture globally since the 1970s with a commensurate increase in the area in drought that is attributed, in part, to global warming. The simplicity of the PDSI, which is calculated from a simple water-balance model forced by monthly precipitation and temperature data, makes it an attractive tool in large-scale drought assessments, but may give biased results in the context of climate change. Here we show that the previously reported increase in global drought is overestimated because the PDSI uses a simplified model of potential evaporation that responds only to changes in temperature and thus responds incorrectly to global warming in recent decades. More realistic calculations, based on the underlying physical principles that take into account changes in available energy, humidity and wind speed, suggest that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years. The results have implications for how we interpret the impact of global warming on the hydrological cycle and its extremes, and may help to explain why palaeoclimate drought reconstructions based on tree-ring data diverge from the PDSI-based drought record in recent years.
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              Changes in plant community composition lag behind climate warming in lowland forests.

              Climate change is driving latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in species distribution worldwide, leading to novel species assemblages. Lags between these biotic responses and contemporary climate changes have been reported for plants and animals. Theoretically, the magnitude of these lags should be greatest in lowland areas, where the velocity of climate change is expected to be much greater than that in highland areas. We compared temperature trends to temperatures reconstructed from plant assemblages (observed in 76,634 surveys) over a 44-year period in France (1965-2008). Here we report that forest plant communities had responded to 0.54 °C of the effective increase of 1.07 °C in highland areas (500-2,600 m above sea level), while they had responded to only 0.02 °C of the 1.11 °C warming trend in lowland areas. There was a larger temperature lag (by 3.1 times) between the climate and plant community composition in lowland forests than in highland forests. The explanation of such disparity lies in the following properties of lowland, as compared to highland, forests: the higher proportion of species with greater ability for local persistence as the climate warms, the reduced opportunity for short-distance escapes, and the greater habitat fragmentation. Although mountains are currently considered to be among the ecosystems most threatened by climate change (owing to mountaintop extinction), the current inertia of plant communities in lowland forests should also be noted, as it could lead to lowland biotic attrition. ©2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                remcf
                Revista mexicana de ciencias forestales
                Rev. mex. de cienc. forestales
                Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias
                2007-1132
                October 2015
                : 6
                : 31
                : 22-39
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias México
                [2 ] Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias México
                [3 ] Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias México
                [4 ] Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias México
                [5 ] Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias México
                Article
                S2007-11322015000500003
                4358ab94-a0c9-43df-bf09-e7e6f8c83b1b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Categories
                Forestry

                Forestry
                Abies sp.,Pinus spp.,diurnal temperature,maximum temperature,minimum temperature,night temperature,Abies spp.,temperatura diurna,temperatura máxima,temperatura mínima,temperatura nocturna

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