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      Nature and Pattern of Cricket Injuries: The Asian Cricket Council Under-19, Elite Cup, 2013

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          Abstract

          Cricket has over the years gained much popularity in Asia, thus the number of cricket players has also grown in tandem. However, cricket players are not as fortunate as other athletes as they do not always have a standard cricket infrastructure to practice; therefore, the injury prevalence is expected to be high. Unfortunately, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the nature and pattern of cricket injuries prevalent to cricketers in this region. Therefore, a prospective cohort injury surveillance study was conducted during the Asian Cricket Council (ACC) Under-19 Elite Cup held in June 2013 in order to gather more data on the type of injuries sustained by cricket players. Overall, 31 injuries occurred to 28 players throughout the tournament, of which 7 injuries happened during practice sessions. The overall injury incidence rate (IIR) was 292.0 per 10,000 player hours (95% CI 176.9–407.1) and 10.4 per 10,000 balls faced and 2.6 per 1000 overs bowled delivered during batting and bowling, respectively. Injuries to the lower limb (IIR: 146; 95% CI 1.8–98.2) were the most frequent, followed by injuries to the upper limb (97.3;95% CI 30.2–164.5) and to the trunk and back (IIR: 36.5;95% CI 0.0–77.7). Sprain/strains (IIR 109.5;95% CI 38.4–180.7) to muscle/tendon and joint/ligament were the most commonly reported nature of injury.

          This is the first study investigating injury incidence among the players of the ACC. It provides an overview of injuries sustained by elite players' under-19 years of age from10 Asian countries. The overall IIR is similar to earlier studies conducted in well-established cricket playing nations.

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          Injuries to elite male cricketers in Australia over a 10-year period.

          This study analyses injuries occurring to Australian male cricketers at the state and national levels over 10 years using recently published international definitions of injury. Data was collected retrospectively for 3 years and then prospectively over the final 7 years. Injury incidence has stayed at a fairly constant level over the 10 years. Injury prevalence has gradually increased over the 10-year period but fell in season 2004-2005. Increasing match scheduling over the 10-year period has probably contributed to the increasing injury prevalence. Fast bowlers miss, through injury, about 16% of all potential playing time, whereas the prevalence rate for all other positions is less than 5%. Some match and schedule-related risks for bowling injury have been noted, including a greater risk of injury in the second innings of first class matches (compared to the first innings), a greater risk of injury in the second game of back-to-back matches and an increased risk of injury in the rare situation of enforcing the follow-on in a test match. The introduction of a boundary rope at all grounds has successfully eliminated the mechanism of injury from collision with fences whilst fielding. Cricket is a much safer sport to play at the elite level for batsmen, fieldsmen, wicketkeepers, and spin bowlers than the football codes, which are the other most popular professional sports in Australia.
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            Cricket injuries: a longitudinal study of the nature of injuries to South African cricketers.

            To determine the incidence and nature of injuries sustained by elite cricketers during a three season period in order to identify possible injury patterns. Thirty six physiotherapists and 13 doctors working with 11 provincial and the South African national teams completed a questionnaire for each cricketer who presented with an injury during each season to determine anatomical site of injury, month of injury during the season, diagnosis, mechanism of injury, whether it was a recurrence of a previous injury, whether the injury had recurred again during the season, and biographical data. A total of 436 cricketers sustained 812 injuries. Bowling (41.3%), fielding and wicketkeeping (28.6%), and batting (17.1%) accounted for most of the injuries. The lower limbs (49.8%), upper limbs (23.3%), and back and trunk (22.8%) were most commonly injured. The injuries occurred primarily during first class matches (27.0%), limited overs matches (26.9%), and practices (26.8%) during the early part of the season. Acute injuries made up 64.8% of the injuries. The younger players (up to 24 years) sustained 57% of the first time injuries, and the players over 24 years of age sustained 58.7% of the injuries that recurred from a previous season. The injuries were mainly soft tissue injuries predominantly to muscle (41.0%), joint (22.2%), tendon (13.2%), and ligament (6.2%). The primary mechanism of injury was the delivery and follow through of the fast bowler (25.6%), overuse (18.3%), and fielding (21.4%). The results indicate a pattern of cause of injury, with the young fast bowler most likely to sustain an acute injury to the soft tissues of the lower limb while participating in matches and practices during the early part of the season.
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              Use of field-based tests to identify risk factors for injury to fast bowlers in cricket.

              To identify risk factors for injury to cricket fast bowlers using field-based tests. Prospective cohort study. High performance Australian cricket. Ninety-one male adolescent and adult fast bowlers (aged 12-33 years). A field-based pre-participation screening, consisting of musculoskeletal, fitness and anthropometric assessments and analysis of bowling technique was undertaken. Bowlers were prospectively monitored over the 2003-4 season and bowling workload and injuries were recorded. Logistic regression was used to identify injury risk factors. Repetitive microtrauma injury to the trunk, back or lower limb associated with fast bowling. Two variables were identified as independent predictors of injury in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Bowlers with hip internal rotation of 40 degrees of rotation. Bowlers with an ankle dorsiflexion lunge of 12.1-14.0 cm on the leg contralateral to the bowling arm were at a significantly increased risk (OR 4.03, 95% CI 1.07 to 15.21) than bowlers with a lunge of >14 cm. Bowlers with a lunge of < or =12 cm were also at an increased risk, but not significantly so (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.40 to 4.84). Biomechanical research is needed to investigate how these two intrinsic risk factors increase injury risk so that appropriate interventions can be developed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2014
                13 June 2014
                : 9
                : 6
                : e100028
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [2 ]Centre of Applied Biomechanics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [3 ]Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
                [4 ]CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
                University of New South Wales, Australia
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: NSD JU DC NAAO. Performed the experiments: NSD JU. Analyzed the data: NSD JU DC NAAO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NSD JU DC NAAO. Wrote the paper: NSD JU DC NAAO.

                Article
                PONE-D-13-52138
                10.1371/journal.pone.0100028
                4057345
                24927127
                46e392d8-e222-4b11-af08-939002bfc319
                Copyright @ 2014

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 December 2013
                : 22 May 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Funding
                These works are supported by the High Impact Research Grant UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/10 and by Bantuan Kecil Penyelidikan (BKP) fund BK024-2012 from the University of Malaya. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Muscles
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Clinical Medicine
                Clinical Trials
                Epidemiology
                Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
                Survey Methods
                Clinical Research Design
                Cohort Studies
                Prospective Studies

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