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      Editorial review: pediatric 3D ultrasound Translated title: Badanie USG 3D w pediatrii

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          Abstract

          Three-dimensional ultrasound is an established diagnostic imaging technique in many specialties. However, in neonates, infants and children three-dimensional ultrasound still is underutilized, partially due to time constraints for post-processing and restricted availability, of devices as well as dedicated pediatric transducers. Also reimbursement issues still need to be addressed. This editorial review presents more or less established pediatric three-dimensional ultrasound applications with proven diagnostic benefit as well as potential future applications of three-dimensional/four-dimensional ultrasound in infants and children, aiming at enhancing research and promoting practical use of three-dimensional ultrasound in relevant pediatric conditions. Particularly, applications in neonatal neurosonography, ultrasound of the urogenital tract as well as some other small part and miscellaneous queries are highlighted. Additional other potential and future indications are discussed briefly, also mentioning restrictions and potential future developments. In summary, three-dimensional ultrasound holds some potential to widen sonographic diagnostic capabilities throughout childhood and hopefully will be increasingly investigated and introduced into clinical practice provided respective equipment and pediatric three-dimensional/four-dimensional ultrasound transducers become available.

          Translated abstract

          Ultrasonografia trójwymiarowa znalazła uznanie wśród specjalistów wielu dziedzin medycyny, jednak nadal wykorzystywana jest w niedostatecznym stopniu w badaniu noworodków, niemowląt i dzieci. Powodem tego są przeszkody wynikające z wydłużenia czasu badania oraz ograniczonej dostępności aparatów ultrasonograficznych i odpowiednich, pediatrycznych głowic; nie bez znaczenia pozostaje również kwestia refundacji badań. W pracy przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania ultrasonografii trójwymiarowej we wskazaniach o udowodnionej wartości diagnostycznej oraz potencjalne przyszłe obszary praktycznego zastosowania badania z użyciem opcji trójwymiarowej i czterowymiarowej u niemowląt i dzieci. Omówiono użyteczność tych technik w neurosonografii, badaniach układu moczowo-płciowego i obrazowaniu drobnych struktur anatomicznych, a także przedstawiono ograniczenia oraz prawdopodobne kierunki rozwoju. Autor wnioskuje, że ultrasonografia trójwymiarowa umożliwia poszerzenie diagnostyki obrazowej w pediatrii, jednak upowszechnienie metody uzależnione jest od zwiększenia dostępności odpowiedniej aparatury.

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          Most cited references64

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          Intra- and inter-observer variability and reliability of prostate volume measurement via two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound imaging.

          We describe the results of a study to evaluate the intra- and inter-observer variability and reliability of prostate volume measurements made from transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images, using either the (optimal) height-width-length (HWL) method (V = pi/6 HWL) with two-dimensional (2D) TRUS images (obtained as cross-sections of three-dimensional [3D] TRUS images) or manual planimetry of 3D TRUS images (the 3D US method). In this study, eight observers measured 15 prostate images, twice via each method, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. This analysis shows that, with the 3D US method, intra-observer prostate volume estimates have 5.1% variability and 99% reliability, and inter-observer estimates have 11.4% variability and 96% reliability. With the HWL method, intra-observer estimates have 15.5% variability and 93% reliability, and inter-observer estimates have 21.9% variability and 87% reliability. Thus, in vivo prostate volume estimates from manual planimetry of 3D TRUS images have much lower variability and higher reliability than HWL estimates from 2D TRUS images.
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            Three-dimensional ultrasound for the assessment of uterine anatomy and detection of congenital anomalies: a comparison with hysterosalpingography and two-dimensional sonography.

            The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential value of three-dimensional ultrasound for the assessment of normal uterine anatomy and the diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies. A total of 61 patients with a history of recurrent miscarriage or infertility and who had previously been investigated by hysterosalpingography were recruited into the study. They first underwent a conventional two-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound scan. At the end of the examination, three-dimensional ultrasound volumes were recorded and stored in the machine computer memory. The examination of planar reformatted sections was than used for the assessment of uterine morphology and the diagnosis of congenital anomalies. On three-dimensional scanning, the most useful plane was a transverse section through the whole length of the uterus from the fundus to the cervix. Hysterosalpingography showed a normal uterus in 44 (72.1%) patients, an arcuate uterus in nine (14.8%) and a major fusion defect in three cases (4.9%). Five patients (8.2%) had large fibroids which were distorting the uterine cavity. Good-quality two-dimensional ultrasound images were obtained in 60 (98.3%) and three-dimensional images in 58 (95.1%) cases. All poor images were caused by large uterine fibroids. Comparison between hysterosalpingography and ultrasound showed that five false-positive diagnoses of arcuate uterus and three of major uterine anomalies were made on two-dimensional scans. Three-dimensional ultrasound agreed with hysterosalpingography in all cases of arcuate uterus and major congenital anomalies. The ability to visualize both the uterine cavity and the myometrium on a three-dimensional scan facilitated the diagnosis of uterine anomalies and enabled easy differentiation between subseptate and bicornuate uteri.
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              Three-dimensional ultrasound: accuracy of distance and volume measurements.

              The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound distance and volume measurements using a commercially available three-dimensional ultrasound scanner. Sixty-two distance measurements were performed twice on an ultrasound tissue-mimicking phantom located in a water bath. Three-dimensional ultrasound distance measurements were compared to the actual distance. Volume measurements were made in a water bath with 21 balloons of various shapes ranging in volume from 20 ml to 490 ml. Three-dimensional ultrasound volume measurements were compared to actual balloon volumes and to conventional two-dimensional ultrasound volume calculations. The mean absolute error in three-dimensional ultrasound distance measurements was 1.0 +/- 0.8% (range, -2.3 to +1.9%) in the plane of acquisition and 1.0 +/- 0.6% (range, -2.0 to -0.2%) for planes with other orientations. Three-dimensional ultrasound volume measurements showed a mean absolute error of 6.4 +/- 4.4% (range, -6.0% to +15.5%), which was considerably better than two-dimensional ultrasound volume estimates having a mean absolute error of 12.6 +/- 8.7% (range, -27.5% to +39.2%). Volume measurements using two-dimensional ultrasound methods were much less accurate than three-dimensional ultrasound methods for irregularly shaped objects. In conclusion, our data show that three-dimensional ultrasound measurements of distance and volume are sufficiently accurate to use clinically.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Ultrason
                J Ultrason
                JoU
                Journal of Ultrasonography
                Medical Communications Sp. z o.o.
                2084-8404
                30 March 2014
                March 2014
                : 14
                : 56
                : 5-20
                Affiliations
                Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Graz, Austria
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Prof. Michael Riccabona, MD, Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Graz, Auenbruggenplatz 34, A – 8036 Graz, Austria. tel.: +43 316 385 14202, fax: +43 316 385 14299. e-mail: michael.riccabona@ 123456klinikum-graz.at
                Article
                0001
                10.15557/JoU.2014.0001
                4579731
                4710982e-4c7b-4ab3-8565-6215ec8af66d
                2014 Polish Ultrasound Society. Published by Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 February 2014
                : 20 February 2014
                : 25 February 2014
                Categories
                Review

                three-dimensional ultrasound,children,pediatrics,neurosonography,urogenital tract

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