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      Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infection in a Captive Giant Panda, Hong Kong

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          Abstract

          We report influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in a captive giant panda in Hong Kong. The viral load peaked on day 1 and became undetectable on day 5, and an antibody response developed. Genome analysis showed 99.3%–99.9% nucleotide identity between the virus and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in Hong Kong.

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          Human infection with avian influenza A H6N1 virus: an epidemiological analysis

          Sung-Hsi Wei, Ji-Rong Yang, Ho-Sheng Wu … (2013)
          Summary Background Avian influenza A H6N1 virus is one of the most common viruses isolated from wild and domestic avian species, but human infection with this virus has not been previously reported. We report the clinical presentation, contact, and environmental investigations of a patient infected with this virus, and assess the origin and genetic characteristics of the isolated virus. Methods A 20-year-old woman with an influenza-like illness presented to a hospital with shortness of breath in May, 2013. An unsubtyped influenza A virus was isolated from her throat-swab specimen and was transferred to the Taiwan Centres for Disease Control (CDC) for identification. The medical records were reviewed to assess the clinical presentation. We did a contact and environmental investigation and collected clinical specimens from the case and symptomatic contacts to test for influenza virus. The genomic sequences of the isolated virus were determined and characterised. Findings The unsubtyped influenza A virus was identified as the H6N1 subtype, based on sequences of the genes encoding haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The source of infection was not established. Sequence analyses showed that this human isolate was highly homologous to chicken H6N1 viruses in Taiwan and had been generated through interclade reassortment. Notably, the virus had a G228S substitution in the haemagglutinin protein that might increase its affinity for the human α2-6 linked sialic acid receptor. Interpretation This is the first report of human infection with a wild avian influenza A H6N1 virus. A unique clade of H6N1 viruses with a G228S substitution of haemagglutinin have circulated persistently in poultry in Taiwan. These viruses continue to evolve and accumulate changes, increasing the potential risk of human-to-human transmission. Our report highlights the continuous need for preparedness for a pandemic of unpredictable and complex avian influenza. Funding Taiwan Centres for Disease Control.
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            Viral load in patients infected with pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus

            Kelvin To, Kwok-Hung Chan, Iris Li … (2009)
            Abstract Viral shedding profile of infections caused by the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus has not been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the viral load in different body sites. Viral loads of pandemic H1N1 virus in respiratory specimens, stool, urine, and serum were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Respiratory specimens from patients with seasonal influenza were used as historical controls. Initial pre‐treatment viral load were compared between these two groups. Serial respiratory specimens from patients with pandemic H1N1 virus infection were obtained for analysis of viral dynamics. Twenty‐two pandemic H1N1 cases and 44 seasonal influenza historical controls were included. The mean initial viral load before oseltamivir therapy was 1.84 × 108 copies/ml for pandemic H1N1 virus compared with 3.28 × 108 copies/ml in seasonal influenza historical controls (P = 0.085). Among patients with pandemic H1N1 virus infection, peak viral load occurred on the day of onset of symptoms, and declined gradually afterwards, with no virus being detectable in respiratory specimens by RT‐PCR 8 days and by culture 5 days after the onset of symptoms respectively, except in one patient. Pandemic H1N1 virus was detected in stool and in urine from 4/9 and 1/14 patients, respectively. Viral culture was also positive from the stool sample with the highest viral load. Younger age was associated with prolonged shedding in the respiratory tract and higher viral load in the stool. Data from this quantitative analysis of viral shedding may have implications for formulating infection control measures. J. Med. Virol. 82:1–7, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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              Fatal canine distemper virus infection of giant pandas in China

              Na Feng, Yicong Yu, Tiecheng Wang … (2016)
              We report an outbreak of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection among endangered giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Five of six CDV infected giant pandas died. The surviving giant panda was previously vaccinated against CDV. Genomic sequencing of CDV isolated from one of the infected pandas (giant panda/SX/2014) suggests it belongs to the Asia-1 cluster. The hemagglutinin protein of the isolated virus and virus sequenced from lung samples originating from deceased giant pandas all possessed the substitutions V26M, T213A, K281R, S300N, P340Q, and Y549H. The presence of the Y549H substitution is notable as it is found at the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) receptor-binding site and has been implicated in the emergence of highly pathogenic CDV and host switching. These findings demonstrate that giant pandas are susceptible to CDV and suggest that surveillance and vaccination among all captive giant pandas are warranted to support conservation efforts for this endangered species.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): December 2019
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 2303-2306
                Affiliations
                [1]Ocean Park Corporation, Hong Kong, China (P. Martelli, F.-K. Lee, S.-W. Hui);
                [2]The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (J.L.L. Teng, K.-Y. Yeong, J.Y.H. Fong, K.-H. Chan, S.K.P. Lau, P.C.Y. Woo);
                [3]State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases at the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (J.L.L. Teng, K.-H. Chan, S.K.P. Lau, P.C.Y. Woo);
                [4]Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases at the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (S.K.P. Lau, P.C.Y. Woo)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Patrick C.Y. Woo or Susanna K.P. Lau, Queen Mary Hospital, Department of Microbiology, 19/F, Block T, 102 Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, China; email: pcywoo@ 123456hku.hk or skplau@ 123456hku.hk
                Article
                Publisher ID: 19-1143
                DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.191143
                PMC ID: 6874238
                PubMed ID: 31742520
                SO-VID: 477da1ef-0545-4ea9-a2d0-9663cd9e4bd0
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infection in a Captive Giant Panda, Hong Kong

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: influenza a(h1n1)pdm09,giant panda,influenza,hong kong,viruses,respiratory infections
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: influenza a(h1n1)pdm09, giant panda, influenza, hong kong, viruses, respiratory infections

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