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      Abordajes transesfenoidales: primera opción para lesiones de región selar con criterio quirúrgico Translated title: Transsphenoidal approaches: first option for injuries of the sellar region with surgical criterion

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          Abstract

          La región selar es sitio de asiento de lesiones diversas; las tumorales son las más comunes. Entre ellas, los adenomas hipofisarios constituyen el tercer tipo de tumor primario más frecuente en el sistema nervioso central. Los abordajes quirúrgicos empleados para su solución son transcraneales y transesfenoidales. Analizamos aquí los resultados de la cirugía selar durante los últimos 8 años en el hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras", a través de variables como abordaje, tipos de lesión, características imagenológicas y endocrinológicas, evolución posoperatoria, mortalidad y complicaciones. Se intervinieron 273 lesiones (18 transcraneales y 255 transesfenoidales), 222 adenomas (150 funcionantes y 72 no funcionantes), 27 Aracnoidoceles, 13 fístulas de líquido cefalorraquídeo y otras 11 lesiones tumorales. Los adenomas no funcionantes fueron 70 macroadenomas y 2 microadenomas, y los funcionantes 84 macroadenomas y 66 microadenomas. El control fue siempre superior en los microadenomas. Se resolvieron el 53,8 % de las fístulas. En pacientes con silla turca vacía, mejoró el defecto campimétrico en el 69,2 % y se resolvió la fístula en el 71,4. La evaluación por imágenes en el posoperatorio del resto de las lesiones arrojó que de 6 craneofaringiomas, en 5 predominantemente quísticos se logró exéresis total y en uno parcial. El resto de las lesiones se resecaron totalmente. La morbilidad operatoria fue 18,31 % en toda la serie, notablemente inferior en los abordajes transesfenoidales; la mortalidad, solo presente entre los abordajes transcraneales, representó el 0,73. Los resultados en este estudio avalan los abordajes transesfenoidales, como métodos más útiles y confiables para tratar lesiones selares.

          Translated abstract

          The tumoral injuries are the most common of the diverse injuries appearing in the sellar region. Among them, the hypophyseal adenomas are the third type of the most frequent primary tumor in the central nervous system. The surgical approaches used for their solution are transcranial and transsphenoidal. We analized the results of sellar surgery during the last 8 years at "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital through variables such as approach, type of injury, imaging and endocrinological characteristics, postoperative evolution, mortality and complications. 273 injuries were operated on (18 transcranial and 255 transphenoidal), 222 adenomas (150 functioning and 72 nonfunctioning), 27 arachnoidoceles, 13 fistulas of cerebrospinal fluid and other 11 tumoral injuries. The nonofunctioning adenomas were 70 macroadenomas and 2 microadenomas, whereas the functioning were 84 macroadenomas and 66 microadenomas. The control was always higher in microadenomas. 53,8 % of the fistulas were resolved. In patients with empty sella, the campimetric defect improved in 69,2 % and fistula was solved in 71,4 %. The evaluation by images in the postoperative of the rest of the injuries showed that of 6 craniopharyngiomas, total exeresis was attained in 5 predominantly cystic, and partial exeresis in one. The rest of the injuries were totally resected. Operative morbidity was 18,31 % in the whole series. It was significantly lower in the transsphenoidal approaches. Mortality was only present in transcranial approaches and it accounted for 0.73. The results in this study show that the transsphenoidal approaches are useful and reliable methods to treat sellar injuries.

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          Complications of transsphenoidal surgery: results of a national survey, review of the literature, and personal experience.

          The primary objectives of this report were, first, to determine the number and incidence of complications of transsphenoidal surgery performed by a cross-section of neurosurgeons in the United States and, second, to ascertain the influence of the surgeon's experience with the procedure on the occurrence of these complications. The secondary objective was to review complications of transsphenoidal surgery from the standpoint of their causation, treatment, and prevention. Questionnaires regarding 14 specific complications of transsphenoidal surgery were mailed to 3172 neurosurgeons. The data reported were analyzed from the 958 respondents (82%) who reported performing the operation. The neurosurgeons surveyed were asked to estimate the number of transsphenoidal operations performed, to identify any complications observed, and to estimate the percentage of operations that had resulted in any of the 14 specific complications. The 958 respondents were placed into three experience groups, based on the number of transsphenoidal operations performed. The data were analyzed by using chi 2 tests and Spearman correlation coefficients. The secondary objectives were met through a detailed review of the literature, in light of our experience. Of the respondents, 87.3% reported having performed < 200 operations and 9.7% reported 200 to 500 previous operations. The remaining 3% reported more than 500 previous operations. More extensive previous experience with transsphenoidal surgery was associated with a greater likelihood of having witnessed each specific complication. The mean operative mortality rate for all three groups was 0.9%. Anterior pituitary insufficiency (19.4%) and diabetes insipidus (17.8%) were complications with the highest incidence of occurrence. The overall incidence of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas was 3.9%. Other significant complications, such as carotid artery injuries, hypothalamic injuries, loss of vision, and meningitis, occurred with incidence rates between 1 and 2%. An inverse relationship was found between the experience group and the likelihood of complications, as indicated by significant negative Spearman correlation coefficients for all but 2 of the 14 complications listed in the survey (P < 0.05). Thus, increased experience with transsphenoidal surgery seems to be associated with a decreased percentage of operations resulting in complications. Some caution should be exercised in interpreting these data, because they are based on the respondents' estimates. Transsphenoidal surgery seems to be a reasonably safe procedure, with a mortality rate of less than 1%. However, a significant number of complications do occur. The incidence of these complications seems to be higher, with statistical significance, in the hands of less experienced surgeons. The learning curve seems to be relatively shallow, because a statistically significantly decreased incidence of morbidity and death could be documented after 200 and even 500 transsphenoidal operations. Better understanding of the indications for transsphenoidal surgery and improved familiarity with the regional anatomy should further lower the incidence of death and morbidity resulting from this procedure in the hands of all neurosurgeons.
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            Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery: experience with 50 patients.

            An endoscope was used in transsphenoidal surgery and eventually replaced the operating microscope as the tool for visualization. This study focuses on 50 patients (28 females and 22 males) with a median age of 38 years (range 14-88 years). Initially, four patients underwent operation via a sublabial-transseptal approach using a rigid endoscope in conjunction with an operating microscope. The 48 subsequent operations were performed through a nostril using only rigid endoscopes. Forty-four patients had pituitary adenomas and six had various other lesions. Thirteen patients had microadenomas, 16 had intrasellar macroadenomas, nine had macroadenomas with suprasellar extension, and six had invasive macroadenomas involving the cavernous sinus. Seven patients had recurrent pituitary adenomas and 25 had hormone-secreting adenomas (eight patients with Cushing's disease and 17 patients with prolactinomas). Among the eight patients with Cushing's disease, seven had resolution of hypercortisolism clinically and chemically. Of the 17 patients with prolactinomas, 10 improved clinically with normal serum prolactin levels, four improved clinically with elevated serum prolactin levels, and three had residual tumors in the cavernous sinus. Among the 19 patients with nonsecreting adenomas, 16 underwent total resection and three subtotal resection leaving residual tumor in the cavernous sinus. Postoperatively, all patients who had undergone endonasal endoscopic surgery had unobstructed nasal airways with minimal discomfort. More than half of the patients required only an overnight hospitalization.
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              Transphenoidal Microsurgery of the Normal and Pathological Pituitary

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                end
                Revista Cubana de Endocrinología
                Rev Cubana Endocrinol
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana, , Cuba )
                1561-2953
                December 2004
                : 15
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [01] Ciudad de La Habana orgnameHospital Clinicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras Cuba. arbolay@ 123456infomed.sld.cu
                Article
                S1561-29532004000300005 S1561-2953(04)01500305
                47846151-4a5d-4291-9cd9-2b4a09c9842a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 September 2004
                : 21 October 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                TRABAJOS ORIGINALES

                fistulas,fístulas.,adenomas hipofisarios,transcraneales,transesfenoidales,Región selar,hypophyseal adenomas,transcranial,,transsphenoidal,Sellar region

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