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      Biopolymeric nano/microspheres for selective and reversible adsorption of coronaviruses

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          Abstract

          A novel biopolymeric material in the form of nano/microspheres was developed which was capable of adsorbing coronaviruses. The biopolymer was obtained by crosslinking of chitosan (CHIT) with genipin, a nontoxic compound of plant origin, in inverted emulsion and reacting the chitosan nano/microspheres obtained (CHIT-NS/MS) with glycidyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride (GTMAC). As a result the nano/microspheres of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethyl chitosan (HTCC-NS/MS) were obtained. HTCC-NS/MS were studied as the adsorbents of human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), and human coronavirus HCoV-OC43 particles in aqueous virus suspensions. By studying cytopathic effect (CPE) caused by these viruses and performing PCR analyses it was found HTCC-NS/MS strongly adsorb the particles of HCoV-NL63 virus, moderately adsorb mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) particles, but do not adsorb HCoV-OC43 coronavirus. The adsorption capacity of HTCC-NS/MS well correlated with the antiviral activity of soluble HTCC against a given virus. Importantly, it was shown that HCoV-NL63 particles could be desorbed from the HTCC-NS/MS surface with a salt solution of high ionic strength with retention of virus virulence. The obtained material may be applied for the removal of coronaviruses, purification and concentration of virus samples obtained from biological matrices and for purification of water from pathogenic coronaviruses.

          Graphical abstract

          Cationically-modified genipin cross-linked chitosan nano/microspheres were obtained which allow for reversible adsorption of coronaviral particles i.e. human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) without losing their infectivity.

          Highlights

          • •

            The cationically modified chitosan-based nano/microspheres were obtained.

          • •

            Nano/microspheres were able to adsorb HCoV-NL63 and MHV from aqueous suspensions.

          • •

            Nano/microspheres did not adsorb HCoV-OC43 coronavirus.

          • •

            HCoV-NL63 particles are desorbed in a solution of increased ionic strength.

          • •

            The desorbed HCoV-NL63 particles are still infectious.

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          Most cited references39

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          Viruses at Solid–Water Interfaces: A Systematic Assessment of Interactions Driving Adsorption

          Thérese Sigstam, Antonius Armanious, Meret Aeppli … (2015)
          Adsorption to solid-water interfaces is a major process governing the fate of waterborne viruses in natural and engineered systems. The relative contributions of different interaction forces to adsorption and their dependence on the physicochemical properties of the viruses remain, however, only poorly understood. Herein, we systematically studied the adsorption of four bacteriophages (MS2, fr, GA, and Qβ) to five model surfaces with varying surface chemistries and to three dissolved organic matter adlayers, as a function of solution pH and ionic strength, using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. The viruses were selected to have similar sizes and shapes but different surface charges, polarities, and topographies, as identified by modeling the distributions of amino acids in the virus capsids. Virus-sorbent interactions were governed by long-ranged electrostatics and favorable contributions from the hydrophobic effect, and shorter-ranged van der Waals interactions were of secondary importance. Steric effects depended on the topographic irregularities on both the virus and sorbent surfaces. Differences in the adsorption characteristics of the tested viruses were successfully linked to differences in their capsid surface properties. Besides identifying the major interaction forces, this work highlights the potential of computable virus surface charge and polarity descriptors to predict virus adsorption to solid-water interfaces.
          Article 0 comments Cited 75 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers: new nano-scale materials for water purification

            Benjamin S. Hsiao, Benjamin Chu, Christian Burger … (2011)
            Article 0 comments Cited 57 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Immune response to fetal calf serum by two adenosine deaminase-deficient patients after T cell gene therapy.

              Linda M. Muul, R M Blaese, Fabio Candotti … (2002)
              The first approved clinical gene therapy trial for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency employed autologous T cells grown in fetal calf serum (FCS)-supplemented medium and transduced with a retroviral vector (LASN) also produced in the presence of FCS. Ten years after their enrollment, both patients have circulating T cells containing vector DNA. However, whereas approximately 20% of the circulating T cells from patient 1 are still vector positive, less than 1% of patient 2's T cells have detectable vector. This difference appears to be not only a function of the original transduction efficiency and cell expansion capability in vitro, but also of the immune response that patient 2 developed to FCS components during the course of her treatment. In this study, serum samples from each patient were tested for antibodies to FCS by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and anti-FCS responses were demonstrated in both patients. Analysis of immunoglobulin classes revealed comparable levels of IgA and IgM anti-FCS titers. Patient 2, however, had significantly higher IgG responses to FCS than did patient 1. Investigation of the development of anti-FCS responses by IgG subclasses indicated that there was a different pattern in the development of IgG immunity to FCS between the two patients. In addition, significant antibody response to bovine lipoprotein was detected in patient 2, but not in patient 1 or in control samples. These findings suggest that the unique immune response mounted by patient 2 may have influenced the outcome of the gene transfer treatments in this patient.
              Article 0 comments Cited 42 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Krzysztof Pyrc
                Krzysztof Szczubiałka
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl
                Title: Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0928-4931
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-0191
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 March 2017
                Publication date (Print): 1 July 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 March 2017
                Volume: 76
                Pages: 735-742
                Affiliations
                [a ]Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
                [b ]Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
                [c ]Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors at: Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland. k.a.pyrc@ 123456uj.edu.pl szczubia@ 123456chemia.uj.edu.pl
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0928-4931(16)31963-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.047
                PMC ID: 7126271
                PubMed ID: 28482585
                SO-VID: 47942baa-5924-481c-a53a-38557a03a929
                Copyright © © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 3 November 2016
                Date revision received : 9 February 2017
                Date accepted : 4 March 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: coronavirus,adsorbent,chitosan,genipin,nanospheres,microspheres,adsorption,virus titration,cytopathic effect,polymerase chain reaction
                Data availability:
                Keywords: coronavirus, adsorbent, chitosan, genipin, nanospheres, microspheres, adsorption, virus titration, cytopathic effect, polymerase chain reaction

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