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      Sonographic scoring of solid thyroid nodules: effects of nodule size and suspicious cervical lymph node Translated title: Escore ultrassonográfico de nódulos sólidos de tireoide: efeitos do tamanho do nódulo e de linfonodo cervical suspeito

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Ultrasound is the most frequently used imaging method to evaluate thyroid nodules. Sonographic characteristics of thyroid nodules which are concerning for malignancy are important to define the need for fine needle aspiration biopsy or open surgery.

          Objective

          To evaluate malignancy risk of solid thyroid nodules through sonographic scoring. The effects of nodule size ≥2 cm and associated pathologic cervical lymph node in scoring were examined in addition to generally excepted suspicious features.

          Methods

          Medical data of 123 patients underwent thyroid surgery were reviewed, and 89 patients (58 females, 31 males) were included in the study. The presence and absence of each suspicious sonographic feature of thyroid nodules were scored as 1 and 0, respectively. Total ultrasound score was obtained by adding the positive ultrasound findings. Differently from the literature, nodule size ≥2 cm and associated pathologic cervical node were added in scoring criteria. The diagnostic performance of nodule characteristics for malignancy and the effect of total US score to discriminate malignant and benign disease were calculated.

          Results

          A significant relationship was found between malignancy and hypoechogenity, border irregularity, intranodular vascularity, and microcalcification ( p < 0.05). Pathologic cervical node was observed predominantly in association with malignant nodules. Positive predictive value of suspicious cervical node for malignancy was 67%, similar to microcalcification. Nodule size ≥2 cm was not distinctive for diagnosis of malignancy. The number of suspicious sonographic features obtained with receiver operating characteristic analysis to discriminate between malignant and benign disease was three.

          Conclusion

          Sonographic scoring of thyroid nodules is an effective method for predicting malignancy. The authors suggest including associated pathologic node in the scoring criteria. Further studies with larger cohorts will provide more evidence about its importance in sonographic scoring.

          Resumo

          Introdução

          A ultrassonografia é o método imagiológico mais frequentemente utilizado na avaliação de nódulos tireoidianos. As características ultrassonográficas dos nódulos tireoidianos que dizem respeito à malignidade são importantes para a definição da necessidade de uma biópsia por aspiração com agulha fina ou uma cirurgia aberta.

          Objetivo

          Avaliar o risco de malignidade de nódulos tireoidianos sólidos por meio de escore ultra-sonográfico, verificando os efeitos de nódulos ≥ 2 cm, em associação com linfonodo cervical patológico, além de características suspeitas geralmente omitidas.

          Método

          Foram revisados dados médicos de 123 pacientes tratados com cirurgia da tireoide. Foram incluídos no estudo 89 pacientes (58 mulheres, 31 homens). Presença e ausência de cada característica ultrassonográfica suspeita de nódulo tireoidiano receberam pontuações de 1 e 0, respectivamente. O escore ultrassonográfico total foi obtido pela soma dos achados ultrassonográficos positivos. Diferentemente da literatura, nódulos ≥ 2 cm e nodo cervical patológico associado foram acrescentados nos critérios de pontuação. Foram calculados o valor diagnóstico das características dos nódulos para malignidade e o efeito do escore ultrassonográfico total na diferenciação entre doença maligna vs. benigna.

          Resultados

          Foi encontrada uma associação significante entre malignidade e hipoecogenicidade, irregularidade das margens, vascularidade intranodular e microcalcificação ( p < 0,05). Nodo cervical patológico foi observado predominantemente em associação com nódulos malignos. O valor preditivo positivo de nodo cervical suspeito para malignidade foi de 67%, similar ao achado para microcalcificação. Diâmetro de nódulo ≥2 cm não foi fator diferenciador para diagnóstico de malignidade. O número de características ultrassonográficas suspeitas obtido com a análise da curva de características de operação do receptor ( receiver operating characteristic, ROC) para discriminação entre doença maligna vs. benigna foi igual a 3.

          Conclusão

          O escore ultra-sonográfico dos nódulos tireoidianos é método efetivo para predição de malignidade. Sugerimos a inclusão de nódulo patológico associado aos critérios de pontuação. Futuros estudos com coortes maiores proporcionarão mais evidências sobre sua importância no escore ultrassonográfico.

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          Most cited references30

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          Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer.

          Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, and differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent. Since the publication of the American Thyroid Association's guidelines for the management of these disorders was published in 2006, a large amount of new information has become available, prompting a revision of the guidelines. Relevant articles through December 2008 were reviewed by the task force and categorized by topic and level of evidence according to a modified schema used by the United States Preventative Services Task Force. The revised guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules include recommendations regarding initial evaluation, clinical and ultrasound criteria for fine-needle aspiration biopsy, interpretation of fine-needle aspiration biopsy results, and management of benign thyroid nodules. Recommendations regarding the initial management of thyroid cancer include those relating to optimal surgical management, radioiodine remnant ablation, and suppression therapy using levothyroxine. Recommendations related to long-term management of differentiated thyroid cancer include those related to surveillance for recurrent disease using ultrasound and serum thyroglobulin as well as those related to management of recurrent and metastatic disease. We created evidence-based recommendations in response to our appointment as an independent task force by the American Thyroid Association to assist in the clinical management of patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. They represent, in our opinion, contemporary optimal care for patients with these disorders.
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            Thyroid imaging reporting and data system for US features of nodules: a step in establishing better stratification of cancer risk.

            To develop a practical thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) with which to categorize thyroid nodules and stratify their malignant risk. The institutional review board approved this retrospective study, and the requirement to obtain informed consent for the review of images and records was waived. From May to December 2008, ultrasonographically (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed in 3674 focal thyroid nodules in 3414 consecutive patients. The study included the 1658 thyroid nodules (≥1 cm in maximum diameter at US) in 1638 patients (1373 women, 265 men) for which pathologic diagnosis or follow-up findings were available. Univariate and multivariate analyses with generalized estimating equations were performed to investigate the relationship between suspicious US features and thyroid cancer. A score for each significant factor was assigned and multiplied by the β coefficient obtained for each significant factor from multivariate logistic regression analysis. Scores for each significant factor were then added, resulting in an equation that fitted the probability of malignancy in thyroid nodules. The authors evaluated the fitted probability by using a regression equation; the risk of malignancy was determined according to the number of suspicious US features. The following US features showed a significant association with malignancy: solid component, hypoechogenicity, marked hypoechogenicity, microlobulated or irregular margins, microcalcifications, and taller-than-wide shape. As the number of suspicious US features increased, the fitted probability and risk of malignancy also increased. Positive predictive values according to the number of suspicious US features were significantly different (P < .001). Risk stratification of thyroid malignancy by using the number of suspicious US features allows for a practical and convenient TIRADS.
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              New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid.

              The purpose of our study was to provide new sonographic criteria for fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid thyroid nodules. Sonographic scans of 155 nonpalpable thyroid nodules in 132 patients were prospectively classified as having positive or negative findings. Sonographic findings that suggested malignancy included microcalcifications, an irregular or microlobulated margin, marked hypoechogenicity, and a shape that was more tall than it was wide. If even one of these sonographic features was present, the nodule was classified as positive (malignant). If a nodule had none of the features described, it was classified as negative (benign). The final diagnosis of a lesion as benign (n = 106) or malignant (n = 49) was confirmed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and follow-up (>6 months) in 83 benign nodules, by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and surgery in 44 malignant and 15 benign lesions, and by surgery alone in five malignant and eight benign lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated on the basis of our proposed classification method. Of 82 lesions classified as positive, 46 were malignant. Of 73 lesions classified as negative, three were malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy based on our sonographic classification method were 93.8%, 66%, 56.1%, 95.9%, and 74.8%, respectively. Considering the high level of sensitivity of our proposed sonographic classification, fine-needle aspiration biopsy should be performed on thyroid nodules classified as positive, regardless of palpability.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
                Elsevier
                1808-8694
                1808-8686
                19 April 2016
                Jan-Feb 2017
                19 April 2016
                : 83
                : 1
                : 73-79
                Affiliations
                [a ]Sisli Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Clinic of Otolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey
                [b ]Sisli Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Clinic of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey
                [c ]Nisantasi Family Health Center, Family Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. ozlemunsal@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S1808-8694(16)30031-3
                10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.01.013
                9444728
                27161187
                488e995a-ede9-4a71-997b-39629ac3130f
                © 2016 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 7 November 2015
                : 21 January 2016
                Categories
                Original Article

                thyroid malignancy,thyroid nodule,ultrasound characteristics,scoring,suspicious,malignidade de tireoide,nódulo tireoidiano,características ultrassonográficas,escore,suspeito

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