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      A Longitudinal Evaluation of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cigarette Smoking

      Author(s): , ,
      Publication date Created:
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Nicotine & Tobacco Research
      Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

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          Abstract

          Cross-sectional studies consistently find that cigarette smokers consume fewer fruits and vegetables each day than do nonsmokers. However, there are no published cohort studies on this relationship. This study evaluated the longitudinal relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC) and cigarette smoking, including measures of dependence and abstinence in a national population-based cohort analysis.

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          Most cited references36

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          Role of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders.

          K J Ressler, C B Nemeroff (2000)
          There is abundant evidence for abnormalities of the norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT) neurotransmitter systems in depression and anxiety disorders. The majority of evidence supports underactivation of serotonergic function and complex dysregulation of noradrenergic function, most consistent with overactivation of this system. Treatment for these disorders requires perturbation of these systems. Reproducible increases in serotonergic function and decreases in noradrenergic function accompany treatment with antidepressants, and these alterations may be necessary for antidepressant efficacy. Dysregulation of these systems clearly mediates many symptoms of depression and anxiety. The underlying causes of these disorders, however, are less likely to be found within the NE and 5HT systems, per se. Rather their dysfunction is likely due to their role in modulating, and being modulated by, other neurobiologic systems that together mediate the symptoms of affective illness. Clarification of noradrenergic and serotonergic modulation of various brain regions may yield a greater understanding of specific symptomatology, as well as the underlying circuitry involved in euthymic and abnormal mood and anxiety states. Disrupted cortical regulation may mediate impaired concentration and memory, together with uncontrollable worry. Hypothalamic abnormalities likely contribute to altered appetite, libido, and autonomic symptoms. Thalamic and brainstem dysregulation contributes to altered sleep and arousal states. Finally, abnormal modulation of cortical-hippocampal-amygdala pathways may contribute to chronically hypersensitive stress and fear responses, possibly mediating features of anxiety, anhedonia, aggression, and affective dyscontrol. The continued appreciation of the neural circuitry mediating affective states and their modulation by neurotransmitter systems should further the understanding of the pathophysiology of affective and anxiety disorders.
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            The nicotine dependence syndrome scale: a multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence.

            M Hickcox, Andrew P. Waters, Saul Shiffman (2004)
            We report the development of a new multidimensional questionnaire to measure nicotine dependence, based on Edwards's syndromal conceptualization of dependence. We present three studies. In study 1, we administered the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) to 317 smokers in a smoking cessation study. Factor analysis of the NDSS revealed five factors: Drive (craving and withdrawal, and subjective compulsion to smoke), priority (preference for smoking over other reinforcers), tolerance (reduced sensitivity to the effects of smoking), continuity (regularity of smoking rate), and stereotypy (invariance of smoking). A single overall score based on the first principal component, NDSS-T, was retained as a single core measure of dependence. The NDSS showed promising psychometric properties: NDSS-T and factor scores showed strong associations with dependence-relevant measures, even when we controlled for scores on the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ); and the NDSS predicted urges when smoking, withdrawal in acute abstinence, and outcome in cessation. The five factor scores showed differential patterns of correlations with external validators, supporting the multidimensionality of the measure. In study 2, we revised the NDSS to expand some subscales and administered it to 802 smokers in a cessation study. The same five factors were extracted, the internal reliability of some subscales was improved, and the factor scores again showed associations with dependence-relevant validators, which were largely maintained when we controlled for FTQ scores. In study 3, with 91 smokers in a cessation trial, we established that the test-retest reliability of the subscales was adequate. Thus, the NDSS presents a valid multidimensional assessment of nicotine dependence that may expand on current measures.
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              Cigarette smoking is associated with unhealthy patterns of nutrient intake: a meta-analysis.

              N Marécaux, J C Fruchart, P Amouyel … (1998)
              The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationship between smoking status and nutrient intakes using a meta-analysis. Publications in English were sought through a Medline search using the following key words: food habits, eating, feeding behavior, diet, food, nutrition, nutritional status or assessment, tobacco use disorder, tobacco, nicotine and smoking. Scanning relevant reference lists of articles and hand searching completed the data collection. No attempt was made to search for unpublished results. Paper selection was based on nutritional surveys including comparisons of smokers with nonsmokers. Fifty-one published nutritional surveys from 15 different countries with 47,250 nonsmokers and 35,870 smokers were used in the analysis. The estimates of size effects were calculated with the mean and variance values of each nutrient intake and the size of the sample. Smokers declared significantly (all P < 10(-5)) higher intakes of energy (+4.9%), total fat (+3.5%), saturated fat (+8.9%), cholesterol (+10.8%) and alcohol (+77.5%) and lower intakes of polyunsaturated fat (-6.5%), fiber (-12.4%), vitamin C (-16.5%), vitamin E (-10.8%) and beta-carotene (-11.8%) than nonsmokers. Protein and carbohydrate intakes did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers. There was no evidence of heterogeneity among studies. In conclusion, the nutrient intakes of smokers differ substantially from those of nonsmokers. Some of these differences may exacerbate the deleterious effects of smoke components on cancer and coronary heart disease risk.
              Article 0 comments Cited 78 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Nicotine & Tobacco Research
                Abbreviated Title: Nicotine & Tobacco Research
                Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
                ISSN (Print): 1462-2203
                ISSN (Electronic): 1469-994X
                Publication date Created: January 15 2013
                Publication date Created: February 01 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): May 21 2012
                Publication date (Print): February 01 2013
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 355-363
                Article
                DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts130
                PubMed ID: 22614546
                SO-VID: 48b5357a-3071-4c98-b5b6-c9e0bb0272e8
                Copyright © © 2013
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