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      Incidence and risk factors for nasoenteral tube-related mechanical complications in a double cohort Translated title: Incidencia y factores de riesgo de complicaciones mecánicas relacionadas con la sonda nasoenteral en una doble cohorte

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: nasoenteral tube-related mechanical complications are feared and little is known about their incidence and the risk factors associated with them. Objective: to evaluate the incidence of nasoenteral tube-related mechanical complications and the risk factors associated with them. Methods: a prospective double cohort of adult patients who used nasoenteral tube and were inpatients in nursing wards at a Brazilian high-complexity hospital. Data were collected daily. Cox regression and Generalized Estimating Equations were applied in the statistical analysis. Results: the sample was 494 patients, or 3,676 patient days. Traction (33 %) and obstruction (3.4 %) were frequent. Inadequate positioning of the distal end of the device and bleeding in the nasal mucosa occurred once each (0.2 %). There was no bronchoaspiration. Traction was associated with a history of stroke (HR: 1.69; 95 % CI: 1.09 to 2.64; p = 0.020), a higher score on the Glasgow Coma Scale (RR: 1.09; 95 % CI: 1.03 to 1.15; p = 0.002), and older age (RR: 1.02; 95 % CI: 1.00 to 1.04; p = 0.049). Being admitted to hospital already with the tube on (HR: 3.56; 95 % CI: 1.31 to 9.66; p = 0.013) and having opioids administered in the form of pills (RR: 6.09; 95 % CI: 1.37 to 27.2; p = 0.018) were risk factors for obstruction. Conclusion: traction or removal and obstruction of the device were frequent. A history of stroke, higher score on the Glasgow Coma Scale, and older age were risk factors for traction, whereas obstruction was more common in patients who already had the tube on at admission to the nursing ward, and who had opioids in the form of pills administered via the tube.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: las complicaciones mecánicas relacionadas con el uso de la sonda nasoenteral son motivo de preocupación, pero se conoce poco sobre su incidencia y factores asociados. Objetivo: evaluar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de complicaciones mecánicas relacionadas con el uso de la sonda nasoenteral. Métodos: doble cohorte prospectiva de pacientes adultos usuarios de sonda nasoenteral, ingresados en un hospital brasileño de alta complejidad. Se recogieron datos durante todos los días de su ingreso. Se emplearon la regresión de Cox y ecuaciones de estimación generalizada (GEE) para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: se siguió a 494 pacientes o 3676 pacientes-días. El desplazamiento accidental (33 %) y la obstrucción (3,4 %) fueron frecuentes. Hubo solo un caso de posicionamiento incorrecto del extremo distal y otro de sangrado de la mucosa nasal (0,2 %). No se observó broncoaspiración. El desplazamiento se asoció a historial de accidente cerebrovascular (HR: 1,69; IC 95 %: 1,09 a 2,64; p = 0,020), el mayor puntaje en la escala de coma de Glasgow (RR: 1,09; IC 95 %: 1,03 a 1,15; p = 0,002) y la mayor edad (RR: 1,02; IC 95 %: 1,00 a 1,04; p = 0,049). Los pacientes internados ya con sonda (HR: 3,56; IC 95 %: 1,31 a 9,66; p = 0,013) y la prescripción de opioides en comprimidos (RR: 6,09; IC 95 %: 1,37 a 27,2; p = 0,018) se asociaron a mayor riesgo de obstrucción. Conclusión: El desplazamiento o la retirada accidental de la sonda, así como su obstrucción se presentaron con frecuencia. El historial de accidente cerebrovascular, el puntaje superior en la escala de coma de Glasgow y la mayor edad son riesgos para el desplazamiento, mientras que la obstrucción es más frecuente en los pacientes con sonda ya al ingreso y en quienes reciben opioides en comprimidos vía sonda.

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          STROBE initiative: guidelines on reporting observational studies.

          Reporting of observational studies is often inadequate, hampering the assessment of their strengths and weaknesses and, consequently, the generalization of study results. The initiative named Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) developed a checklist of 22 items, the STROBE Statement, with recommendations about what should be included in a more accurate and complete description of observational studies. Between June and December 2008, a group of Brazilian researchers was dedicated to the translation and adaptation of the STROBE Statement into Portuguese. The present study aimed to show the translation into Portuguese, introduce the discussion on the context of use, the potential and limitations of the STROBE initiative.
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            Gastroenteric tube feeding: techniques, problems and solutions.

            Gastroenteric tube feeding plays a major role in the management of patients with poor voluntary intake, chronic neurological or mechanical dysphagia or gut dysfunction, and patients who are critically ill. However, despite the benefits and widespread use of enteral tube feeding, some patients experience complications. This review aims to discuss and compare current knowledge regarding the clinical application of enteral tube feeding, together with associated complications and special aspects. We conducted an extensive literature search on PubMed, Embase and Medline using index terms relating to enteral access, enteral feeding/nutrition, tube feeding, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy/jejunostomy, endoscopic nasoenteric tube, nasogastric tube, and refeeding syndrome. The literature showed common routes of enteral access to include nasoenteral tube, gastrostomy and jejunostomy, while complications fall into four major categories: mechanical, e.g., tube blockage or removal; gastrointestinal, e.g., diarrhea; infectious e.g., aspiration pneumonia, tube site infection; and metabolic, e.g., refeeding syndrome, hyperglycemia. Although the type and frequency of complications arising from tube feeding vary considerably according to the chosen access route, gastrointestinal complications are without doubt the most common. Complications associated with enteral tube feeding can be reduced by careful observance of guidelines, including those related to food composition, administration rate, portion size, food temperature and patient supervision.
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              Complications related to feeding tube placement.

              Blind placement of a feeding tube can result in serious complications. Given the widespread use of tube feedings, even a small percentage of such problems can affect a significant number of people. The purpose of this review is to describe recent reports of feeding tube placement problems and to examine possible solutions. Multiple case reports of complications of malpositioned feeding tubes continue to surface; most are due to inadvertent placement in the respiratory tract. A tube with feeding ports in the esophagus significantly increases risk for aspiration, as does the displacement of a small bowel tube into the stomach of a patient with significantly slowed gastric motility. Isolated reports of a nasally placed tube entering the brain following head injury continue to occur, as do reports of esophageal and gastric perforation in neonates. A recent study showed that malpositioned tubes are not routinely recorded in risk management databases; it further demonstrated that a comprehensive intervention to reduce complications from small-bore nasogastric feeding tubes was effective. Complications related to malpositioned feeding tubes are usually preventable. Poor reporting of feeding tube placement errors hinders the adoption of effective protocols to prevent such errors.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                June 2022
                : 39
                : 3
                : 499-505
                Affiliations
                [2] Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [1] Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul orgnameBrigada Militar do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                Article
                S0212-16112022000400003 S0212-1611(22)03900300003
                10.20960/nh.03877
                48bf02d1-3f84-471b-af43-9c0d53620d7c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 September 2021
                : 04 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Efectos adversos,Seguridad del paciente,Intubación gastrointestinal,Nutrición enteral,Adverse effects,Patient safety,Gastrointestinal,Intubation,Enteral nutrition

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