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      Global childhood unintentional injury surveillance in four cities in developing countries: a pilot study Translated title: Vigilancia mundial de las lesiones infantiles no intencionales en cuatro ciudades de países en desarrollo: estudio piloto Translated title: Surveillance internationale des traumatismes non intentionnels de l'enfant dans quatre métropoles de pays en développement: étude pilote

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and nature of childhood injuries and to explore the risk factors for such injuries in low-income countries by using emergency department (ED) surveillance data. METHODS: This pilot study represents the initial phase of a multi-country global childhood unintentional injury surveillance (GCUIS) project and was based on a sequential sample of children < 11 years of age of either gender who presented to selected EDs in Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt and Pakistan over a 3-4 month period, which varied for each site, in 2007. FINDINGS: Of 1559 injured children across all sites, 1010 (65%) were male; 941 (60%) were aged > 5 years, 32 (2%) were < 1 year old. Injuries were especially frequent (34%) during the morning hours. They occurred in and around the home in 56% of the cases, outside while children played in 63% and during trips in 11%. Of all the injuries observed, 913 (56%) involved falls; 350 (22%), road traffic injuries; 210 (13%), burns; 66 (4%), poisoning; and 20 (1%), near drowning or drowning. Falls occurred most often from stairs or ladders; road traffic injuries most often involved pedestrians; the majority of burns were from hot liquids; poisonings typically involved medicines, and most drowning occurred in the home. The mean injury severity score was highest for near drowning or drowning (11), followed closely by road traffic injuries (10). There were 6 deaths, of which 2 resulted from drowning, 2 from falls and 2 from road traffic injuries. CONCLUSION: Hospitals in low-income countries bear a substantial burden of childhood injuries, and systematic surveillance is required to identify the epidemiological distribution of such injuries and understand their risk factors. Methodological standardization for surveillance across countries makes it possible to draw international comparisons and identify common issues.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia y naturaleza de las lesiones infantiles y explorar sus factores de riesgo en países de bajos ingresos, utilizando para ello los datos de vigilancia de los departamentos de urgencias (DU). MÉTODOS: Este estudio piloto representa la fase inicial de un proyecto plurinacional de vigilancia mundial de las lesiones infantiles no intencionales y se basó en una muestra secuencial de menores de 11 años, de ambos sexos, que se presentaron en 2007 en DU seleccionados de Bangladesh, Colombia, Egipto y Pakistán a lo largo de un periodo de 3 a 4 meses, variable según el centro. RESULTADOS: De 1559 niños lesionados observados en todos los centros, 1010 (65%) eran varones; 941 (60%) tenían³ 5 años, y 32 (2%) < 1 año. Las lesiones fueron especialmente frecuentes (34%) por la mañana. En el 56% de los casos se produjeron dentro de casa o en sus alrededores, en el 63% fuera, mientras jugaban, y en el 11% en viaje. De todas las lesiones observadas, 913 (56%) consistieron en caídas; 350 (22%) en lesiones causadas por el tráfico; 210 (13%) en quemaduras; 66 (4%) en intoxicaciones, y 20 (1%) en ahogamiento o casi ahogamiento. Las caídas más frecuentes se produjeron en escaleras; en el caso de las lesiones causadas por el tráfico, la mayoría de las víctimas fueron peatones; la mayoría de las quemaduras se produjeron con líquidos calientes; las intoxicaciones más frecuentes se debieron a medicamentos, y la mayoría de los ahogamientos se produjeron en casa. Las lesiones con mayores puntuaciones de gravedad fueron los ahogamientos o casi ahogamientos (11), seguidos de cerca por las lesiones causadas por el tráfico (10). Hubo 6 casos mortales: 2 por ahogamiento, 2 por caídas y 2 por lesiones causadas por el tráfico. CONCLUSIÓN: Los hospitales de los países de bajos ingresos tienen una carga considerable de lesiones infantiles. Es necesaria una vigilancia sistemática para identificar la distribución epidemiológica de esas lesiones y comprender sus factores de riesgo. La normalización metodológica de la vigilancia en los diferentes países permite establecer comparaciones internacionales e identificar problemas comunes.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Déterminer la fréquence et la nature des traumatismes touchant les enfants et étudier les facteurs de risque pour ces traumatismes dans des pays à faible revenu en utilisant les données de surveillance des services d'urgence. MÉTHODES: Cette étude pilote représente la phase initiale d'un projet multi-pays de surveillance des traumatismes non intentionnels de l'enfant (GCUIS) et a été menée à partir d'un échantillon séquentiel d'enfants de moins de 11 ans de l'un et l'autre sexe, qui ont été présentés dans des services d'urgence sélectionnés du Bangladesh, de Colombie, d'Egypte et du Pakistan, sur une période de 3-4 mois, variable selon les sites, au cours de l'année 2007. RÉSULTATS: Parmi les 1559 enfants victimes de traumatisme accueillis sur l'ensemble des sites, 1010 (65 %) étaient de sexe masculin, 941 (60 %) étaient âgés de 5 ans et plus et 32 (2 %) avaient moins d'un an. Les traumatismes étaient particulièrement fréquents (34 %) pendant la matinée. Ils se produisaient à l'intérieur et autour du domicile dans 56 % des cas, à l'extérieur pendant les jeux des enfants dans 63 % des cas et au cours de déplacements dans 11 % des cas. Sur l'ensemble des traumatismes observés, 913 (56 %) étaient liés à des chutes, 350 (22 %) à des accidents de la circulation, 210 (13 %) à des brûlures, 66 (4 %) à des empoisonnements et 20 (1 %) à des «presque-noyades» ou à des noyades. Les chutes impliquaient le plus souvent des escaliers ou des échelles et les accidents de la circulation des piétons, la majorité des brûlures étaient dues à des liquides chauds, les empoisonnements faisaient intervenir habituellement des médicaments et la plupart des noyades se produisaient au domicile. Le score de gravité moyen des traumatismes était maximal pour les noyades et les presque-noyades (11), ce score étant suivi de près par celui des accidents de la circulation (10). L'étude a recensé 6 décès, dont 2 résultant d'une noyade, 2 d'une chute et 2 d'un accident de la circulation. CONCLUSION: Les hôpitaux des pays à faible revenu font face à une charge substantielle de traumatismes infantiles et une surveillance systématique est nécessaire pour déterminer la distribution épidémiologique de ces traumatismes et connaître les facteurs de risque associés. La standardisation méthodologique de la surveillance entre les pays permet de dresser des comparaisons internationales et d'identifier des problèmes communs.

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          Most cited references48

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          The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care.

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            The global burden of injuries.

            The traditional view of injuries as "accidents", or random events, has resulted in the historical neglect of this area of public health. However, the most recent estimates show that injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability in the world. They affect all populations, regardless of age, sex, income, or geographic region. In 1998, about 5.8 million people (97.9 per 100,000 population) died of injuries worldwide, and injuries caused 16% of the global burden of disease. Road traffic injuries are the 10th leading cause of death and the 9th leading cause of the burden of disease; self-inflicted injuries, falls, and interpersonal violence follow closely. Injuries affect mostly young people, often causing long-term disability. Decreasing the burden of injuries is among the main challenges for public health in the next century--injuries are preventable, and many effective strategies are available. Public health officials must gain a better understanding of the magnitude and characteristics of the problem, contribute to the development and evaluation of injury prevention programs, and develop the best possible prehospital and hospital care and rehabilitation for injured persons.
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              AIS 2005: a contemporary injury scale.

              To determine and to quantify outcome from injury demands that multiple factors be universally applied so that there is uniform understanding that the same outcome is understood for the same injury. It is thus important to define the variables used in any outcome assessment. Critical to defining outcomes is the need for a universal language that defines individual injuries. The abbreviated injury scale (AIS) is the only dictionary specifically designed as a system to define the severity of injuries throughout the body. In addition to a universal injury language, it provides measures of injury severity that can be used to stratify and classify injury severity in all body regions. Its revision, AIS 2005 will be discussed here.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                May 2009
                : 87
                : 5
                : 345-352
                Affiliations
                [03] Baltimore MD orgnameJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health orgdiv1International Injury Research Unit USA
                [01] Baltimore MD orgnameJohns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health orgdiv1Department of International Health United States of America
                [06] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad del Rosario Colombia
                [08] Geneva Switzerland orgnameWorld Health Organization orgdiv1Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability
                [02] Baltimore MD orgnameJohns Hopkins Medical Institutes orgdiv1Department of Emergency Medicine USA
                [07] Dhaka orgnameCentre for Injury Prevention and Research Bangladesh
                [04] Karachi orgnameAga Khan University orgdiv1Department of Emergency Medicine Pakistan
                [05] Ismailia orgnameSuez Canal University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine Egypt
                Article
                S0042-96862009000500011 S0042-9686(09)08700511
                10.2471/blt.08.055798
                2678776
                19551252
                4969bc4f-83ec-4434-a662-4771fa951d97

                History
                : 11 June 2008
                : 01 February 2009
                : 06 November 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
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                Research

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