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      Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the long-term action of antidepressants. Translated title: Mecanismos celulares y moleculares en la acción a largo plazo de los antidepresivos Translated title: Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires dans l'action à long terme des antidépresseurs

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          Abstract

          The hypotheses on the pathophysiology of depression /mood disorders and on antidepressant mechanisms have greatly changed in recent years. The classical monoamine hypothesis was revealed to be simplistic, in that it could not explain the temporal delay in the therapeutic action of antidepressants. Converging lines of evidence have shown that adaptive changes in the several mechanisms of neuroplasticity are likely to be the cellular and molecular correlates of therapeutic effect. In this article, several mechanisms of neuroplasticity are analyzed in relation to the mechanism of antidepressants, ranging from changes in gene expression (including neurotrophic mechanisms), to synaptic transmission and plasticity, and neurogenesis. We propose that the current version of the hypothesis of antidepressant mechanism simply be called the “hypothesis of neuroplasticity. ” In the final section, we also briefly review the main current novel strategies in the pharmacology of depression and the new putative targets for antidepressants, with particular emphasis on nonmonoaminergic mechanisms.

          Translated abstract

          Las hipoótesis acerca de la tisiopatologia de los trastornos del ánimo y la depresión, y de los mecanismos antidepresivos han cambiado mucho en los ùltimos años, La clásica hipótesis monoaminérgica mostró ser simplista, en cuanto a que no podia explicar el retardo temporal en la acción terapéutica de los antidepresivos, Lineas convergentes de evidencia han mostrado que los cambios de adaptación en varios mecanismos de neuroplasticidad son probablemente los correlates celulares y moleculares del efecto terapêutico. En este articulo se analizan algunos mecanismos de neuroplasticidad en relación con el mecanismo de los antidepresivos, que van desde cambios en la expresión génica (incluyendo mecanismos neurotróficos) hasta la transmisión sináptica y la plasticidad, y la neurogenesis. Se propone que la versión actual de la hipótesis del mecanismo de los antidepresivos sea llamada simplemente la “hipótesis de la neuroplasticidad”. En la sección final se revisan brevemente las principales estrategias actuates en la farmacologia de la depresión y los nuevos blancos para los antidepresivos, con especial énfasis en los mecanismos no monoaminérgicos.

          Translated abstract

          Les hypothèses sur la physiopathologie des troubles dépressifs/de l'humeur et sur les mécanismes antidépresseurs ont bien changé ces dernières années. L'hypothèse classique monoaminergique s'est révélée simpliste, car elle ne peut expliquer le délai d'action des antidépresseurs. Des preuves convergentes indiquent que plusieurs mécanismes adaptatifs de la neuroplasticité semblent être des corrélats cellulaires et moléculaires de l'effet thérapeutique. Dans cet article, plusieurs mécanismes de neuroplasticité sont analysés en relation avec le mécanisme des antidépresseurs, s'échelonnant entre les modifications de l'expression du gène (y compris les mécanismes neutrophiques), jusqu'à la neurogenèse, et la plasticité et la transmission synaptiques. Nous proposons que la version actuelle de l'hypothèse du mécanisme antidépresseur s'appelle simplement “ l'hypothèse de la neuroplasticité ”. Au dernier chapitre, nous revoyons aussi rapidement les principales stratégies actuelles dans la pharmacologie de la dépression et les nouvelles cibles généralement admises des antidépresseurs, en insistant particulièrement sur les mécanismes non monoaminergiques.

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          Most cited references117

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          A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders.

          There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that stress decreases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in limbic structures that control mood and that antidepressant treatment reverses or blocks the effects of stress. Decreased levels of BDNF, as well as other neurotrophic factors, could contribute to the atrophy of certain limbic structures, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex that has been observed in depressed subjects. Conversely, the neurotrophic actions of antidepressants could reverse neuronal atrophy and cell loss and thereby contribute to the therapeutic actions of these treatments. This review provides a critical examination of the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression that has evolved from this work, including analysis of preclinical cellular (adult neurogenesis) and behavioral models of depression and antidepressant actions, as well as clinical neuroimaging and postmortem studies. Although there are some limitations, the results of these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that decreased expression of BDNF and possibly other growth factors contributes to depression and that upregulation of BDNF plays a role in the actions of antidepressant treatment.
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            Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress.

            Mice experiencing repeated aggression develop a long-lasting aversion to social contact, which can be normalized by chronic, but not acute, administration of antidepressant. Using viral-mediated, mesolimbic dopamine pathway-specific knockdown of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), we showed that BDNF is required for the development of this experience-dependent social aversion. Gene profiling in the nucleus accumbens indicates that local knockdown of BDNF obliterates most of the effects of repeated aggression on gene expression within this circuit, with similar effects being produced by chronic treatment with antidepressant. These results establish an essential role for BDNF in mediating long-term neural and behavioral plasticity in response to aversive social experiences.
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              Sustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action.

              To better understand the molecular mechanisms of depression and antidepressant action, we administered chronic social defeat stress followed by chronic imipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant) to mice and studied adaptations at the levels of gene expression and chromatin remodeling of five brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) splice variant mRNAs (I-V) and their unique promoters in the hippocampus. Defeat stress induced lasting downregulation of Bdnf transcripts III and IV and robustly increased repressive histone methylation at their corresponding promoters. Chronic imipramine reversed this downregulation and increased histone acetylation at these promoters. This hyperacetylation by chronic imipramine was associated with a selective downregulation of histone deacetylase (Hdac) 5. Furthermore, viral-mediated HDAC5 overexpression in the hippocampus blocked imipramine's ability to reverse depression-like behavior. These experiments underscore an important role for histone remodeling in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression and highlight the therapeutic potential for histone methylation and deacetylation inhibitors in depression.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Center of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Italy
                Center of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Italy
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                December 2008
                : 10
                : 4
                : 385-400
                Affiliations
                Center of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Italy
                Center of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Italy
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.4/gracagni
                3181899
                19170396
                4a1e5dc3-d127-4416-853a-d4e0311d21ea
                Copyright: © 2008 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Translational Research

                Neurosciences
                depression,nmda receptor,mood disorder,bdnf,glutamate,antidepressant,neuroplasticity,gene expression,creb,circadian rhythm

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