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      THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MODERN MODES OF BIATHLON TRAINING AT THE OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES Translated title: AS DIFERENÇAS ENTRE OS MODOS MODERNOS DE TREINAMENTO DE BIATLO NOS JOGOS OLÍMPICOS DE INVERNO Translated title: LAS DIFERENCIAS ENTRE LAS MODALIDADES MODERNAS DE ENTRENAMIENTO DE BIATLÓN EN LOS JUEGOS OLÍMPICOS DE INVIERNO

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction The biathlon is a snow sport that combines cross-country skiing and shooting, originating in Scandinavia. It requires athletes to not only have the ability to glide quickly over long distances but also to have the ability to shoot quickly and accurately. There is little research on biathlon characteristics and analysis of influencing factors and training strategies in China. Objective This study analyzes modern biathlon athletes’ specific explosive power, endurance and training effects at the Winter Olympics. Methods Twenty biathlon athletes were selected as research volunteers. Physiological and biochemical indicators of the athletes were experimentally tested after training. Results There was a correlation between maximum speed and the height of the athletes’ double stand test (SD) (p < 0.05). The heavier athletes skied relatively faster. However, the excessive body fat rate is not conducive to maintaining high-intensity skiing in the long term. The athletes’ VO2max was closely related to their skiing performance and shot hit percentage (p < 0.05). Conclusion Maintaining gun ski training can positively improve the competitive level of world-class biathletes. The athlete's muscles have a solid ability to generate high mechanical power in a short time. It is beneficial to take advantage of a favorable position after the start of the competition. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Introdução O biatlo é um esporte de neve que combina esqui entre as montanhas e tiro, originário da Escandinávia. Requer que os atletas não só tenham a capacidade de deslizar rapidamente por longas distâncias, mas também que tenham a capacidade de atirar com rapidez e precisão. Existem poucas pesquisas sobre características do biatlo e análises de fatores de influência e estratégias de treinamento na China. Objetivo Este estudo analisa o poder explosivo específico, a resistência e os efeitos do treinamento dos atletas modernos de biatlo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno. Métodos Selecionou-se 20 atletas de biatlo como voluntários de pesquisa. Os indicadores fisiológicos e bioquímicos dos atletas foram testados experimentalmente após o treinamento. Resultados Houve uma correlação entre a velocidade máxima e a altura do teste de duplo suporte (DP) dos atletas (p < 0,05). Os atletas mais pesados esquiam relativamente mais rápido. Porém a taxa excessiva de gordura corporal não é propícia para manter o esqui de alta intensidade a longo prazo. O VO2max dos atletas mostrou-se intimamente relacionado com seu desempenho de esqui e porcentagem de acertos no tiro (p < 0,05). Conclusão A manutenção do treinamento de esqui com armas pode desempenhar um papel positivo na melhoria do nível competitivo dos biatletas de classe mundial. Os músculos do atleta têm uma sólida capacidade de gerar alta potência mecânica em um curto período de tempo. É benéfico aproveitar uma posição favorável após o início da competição.Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción El biatlón es un deporte de nieve que combina el esquí entre las montañas y el tiro, originario de Escandinavia. Requiere que los atletas no sólo tengan la capacidad de deslizarse rápidamente por largas distancias, sino también la capacidad de disparar con velocidad y precisión. Hay poca investigación sobre las características del biatlón y el análisis de los factores que influyen y las estrategias de entrenamiento en China. Objetivo Este estudio analiza la potencia explosiva específica, la resistencia y los efectos del entrenamiento de los atletas de biatlón moderno en los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno. Métodos Se seleccionaron veinte atletas de biatlón como voluntarios para la investigación. Los indicadores fisiológicos y bioquímicos de los atletas fueron comprobados experimentalmente después del entrenamiento. Resultados Hubo una correlación entre la velocidad máxima y la altura de la prueba de doble apoyo (DP) de los atletas (p < 0,05). Los atletas más pesados esquiaron relativamente más rápido. Sin embargo, la excesiva tasa de grasa corporal no es propicia para mantener el esquí de alta intensidad a largo plazo. Se demostró que el VO2max de los atletas estaba estrechamente relacionado con su rendimiento en el esquí y el porcentaje de aciertos en el tiro (p < 0,05). Conclusión El mantenimiento del entrenamiento de esquí de pistola puede desempeñar un papel positivo en la mejora del nivel competitivo de los biatletas de categoría mundial. Los músculos del atleta tienen una sólida capacidad para generar una gran potencia mecánica en un corto período de tiempo. Es beneficioso aprovechar una posición favorable tras el inicio de la competición. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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          Enhanced splenic volume and contraction in elite endurance athletes.

          Splenic contraction, which leads to ejection of stored erythrocytes, is greater in athletes involved in regular freediving or high-altitude activities. As this response facilitates oxygen-carrying capacity, similar characteristics may be expected of elite endurance athletes. Therefore, our aims were to compare resting and apnea-induced splenic volume in endurance athletes and untrained individuals, and to assess the athletes' exercise-induced splenic volume. Twelve elite biathletes (7 women) and 12 controls (6 women) performed a maximal effort apnea in a seated position. In addition, the biathletes completed a maximal roller-skiing time trial. Splenic dimensions were measured by ultrasonic imaging for subsequent volume calculations, whereas Hb was analyzed from capillary blood samples and cardiorespiratory variables were monitored continuously. Baseline splenic volume was larger in the biathletes (214 ± 56 mL) compared with controls (157 ± 39 mL, P = 0.008) and apnea-induced splenic contraction was also greater in the biathletes (46 ± 20 mL vs. 30 ± 16 mL, P = 0.035). Hb increased immediately after apnea in the biathletes (4.5 ± 4.8%, P = 0.029) but not in the controls (-0.7 ± 3.1%, P = 0.999). Increases in exercise-induced splenic contraction (P = 0.008) and Hb (P = 0.001) were greater compared with the apnea-induced responses among the athletes. Baseline splenic volume tended to be correlated with V̇o2max (r = 0.584, P = 0.059). We conclude that elite biathletes have greater splenic volume with a greater ability to contract and elevate Hb compared with untrained individuals. These characteristics may transiently enhance O2-carrying capacity and possibly increase O2 uptake, thereby helping biathletes to cope with high intermittent O2 demands and severe O2 deficits that occur during biathlon training and competition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that elite biathletes have larger splenic volume, apnea-induced splenic contraction, and Hb elevation compared with untrained individuals, which is likely functional to cope with high O2 demands and substantial O2 deficits. We believe that enhanced splenic contraction may be of importance during competitions involving cross-country skiing, to regulate circulating Hb and enhance O2-carrying capacity, which may protect [Formula: see text] and increase O2 uptake.
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            Multiple Learning Contexts and the Development of Life Skills Among Canadian Junior National Team Biathletes

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              Performance-determining factors in biathlon prone shooting without physical stress.

              This study investigated the most important factors determining biathlon prone shooting performance. Ten female and 16 male biathletes (age 19.9 ± 2.9 years) from the national teams of Finland and Vuokatti-Ruka Sports Academy performed 6 × 5 biathlon prone shooting shots without physical stress under laboratory conditions. Shooting performance and multiple aiming point trajectory variables were measured together with an analysis of triggering force. Based on the aiming point trajectory data principal component analysis, we identified four technical components in biathlon prone shooting: stability of hold, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering, and timing of triggering. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) further determined that cleanness of triggering, aiming accuracy, and timing of triggering accounted for 80% of mean shooting performance (p < 0.001). Better stability of hold, aiming accuracy and cleanness of triggering were directly associated with better shooting performance (0.62 ≤ |r| ≥0.79, all p < 0.001). Better stability of hold measures were also associated with better cleanness of triggering, and higher pre-shot trigger force levels were associated with better stability of hold and cleanness of triggering. These results indicate that with both direct and indirect effects on performance, stability of hold seems to be a general prerequisite for successful biathlon shooting. The results also highlight the importance of aiming accuracy, cleanness and timing of triggering, along with a high pre-shot trigger force level. The variables identified in this study could be used to assess biathletes' performance in the most relevant shooting technical aspects to guide the emphasis of their shooting training.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbme
                Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte
                Rev Bras Med Esporte
                Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Exercício e do Esporte (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1517-8692
                1806-9940
                2023
                : 29
                : e2022_0300
                Affiliations
                [1] Harbin Heilongjiang orgnameNortheast Forestry University orgdiv1Physical Education Department China
                Article
                S1517-86922023000100276 S1517-8692(23)02900000276
                10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0300
                4a6c8121-4880-4968-b79d-ab0b11616ddb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 June 2022
                : 15 July 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 13, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Article

                Skiing,Athletic Performance,Exercise,Athletes,Rendimiento Atlético,Ejercicio Físico,Atletas,Esquí,Desempenho Atlético,Exercício físico,Esqui

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