The 150 most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology series: questions 40–49

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Abstract

Since the beginning of 2017, Chinese Journal of Cancer has published a series of important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology, which sparkle diverse thoughts, interesting communications, and potential collaborations among researchers all over the world. In this article, 10 more questions are presented as followed. Question 40. Why do mice being used as tumorigenesis models raised in different places or different conditions possess different tumor formation rate? Question 41. How could we generate more effective anti-metastasis drugs? Question 42. What is the molecular mechanism underlying heterogeneity of cancer cachexia in patients with the same pathologic type? Question 43. Will patients with oligo-metastatic disease be curable by immunotherapy plus stereotactic body radiotherapy? Question 44. Can the Warburg effect regulation be targeted for cancer treatment? Question 45. Why do adenocarcinomas seldom occur in the small intestine? Question 46. Is Epstein–Barr virus infection a causal factor for nasal natural killer/T cell lymphoma formation? Question 47. Why will not all but very few human papillomavirus-infected patients eventually develop cervical cancer? Question 48. Why do cervical carcinomas induced by human papilloma virus have a low mutation rate in tumor suppressor genes? Question 49. Can viral infection trigger lung cancer relapse?

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The most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology—Question 2–5. Obesity-related cancers: more questions than answers

Ajit Venniyoor (2017)

Obesity is recognized as the second highest risk factor for cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying tobacco-related cancers are well characterized and effective programs have led to a decline in smoking and related cancers, but there is a global epidemic of obesity without a clear understanding of how obesity causes cancer. Obesity is heterogeneous, and approximately 25% of obese individuals remain healthy (metabolically healthy obese, MHO), so which fat deposition (subcutaneous versus visceral, adipose versus ectopic) is “malignant”? What is the mechanism of carcinogenesis? Is it by metabolic dysregulation or chronic inflammation? Through which chemokines/genes/signaling pathways does adipose tissue influence carcinogenesis? Can selective inhibition of these pathways uncouple obesity from cancers? Do all obesity related cancers (ORCs) share a molecular signature? Are there common (over-lapping) genetic loci that make individuals susceptible to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancers? Can we identify precursor lesions of ORCs and will early intervention of high risk individuals alter the natural history? It appears unlikely that the obesity epidemic will be controlled anytime soon; answers to these questions will help to reduce the adverse effect of obesity on human condition.

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The 150 most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology series: questions 6–14

(2017)

To accelerate our endeavors to overcome cancer, Chinese Journal of Cancer has launched a program of publishing 150 most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology. In this article, nine more questions are presented as followed. Question 6. Why do nasopharyngeal carcinomas rarely metastasize to the brain? Question 7. Can distant spread of cancer cells be blocked by inhibiting the remodeling of high endothelial venules in the sentinel lymph node? Question 8. What sort of live-imaging techniques can be developed to directly observe the dynamic processes of metastasis? Question 9. How does chronic hepatitis prevent liver metastasis from colorectal cancer? Question 10. How many types of host cells contribute to forming the pre-metastatic niche in the lung favorable for metastasis? Question 11. Why do cancers rarely metastasize to the small bowel? Question 12. Why do glioblastomas rarely metastasize outside the central nervous system? Question 13. Despite increased understanding of the molecular genetic events leading to the development and progression of high-grade gliomas, these tumors are the most therapeutically refractory among all human cancers. What then would be the most effective therapeutic approaches to treat what in essence can be regarded as a whole brain malignancy, since even a surgical resection of greater than 99% of tumor tissues is invariably associated with recurrence? Question 14. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) effectively limits a wide variety of potential therapeutic agents from reaching glioma cells widely dispersed in the brain. What therapeutic approaches can be used to breach the BBB and allow therapeutic agents to seek out and kill these tumor cells?

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Defeating cancer: the 150 most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology

Chao-Nan Qian, Wei Zhang, Rui-hua Xu (2016)

Despite all the human efforts and monetary investment over the last few decades, cancer is still a devastating threat to our life expectancy and quality of life in many parts of the world. The etiology of cancer varies. The genetic and epigenetic causes of cancer are heterogeneous and multifaceted. Early detection is still a difficult issue in many types of malignancies, resulting in unsatisfying cure rates. Cancer not only is a disease of malignant cells but also involves the host physiology, especially the natural defensive immune systems. The task of overcoming cancer is so vast and overwhelming that it will no doubt require scientists worldwide to join efforts and resources to succeed. The year of 2016 is the 150th year Anniversary of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s birth. Dr. Sun was a doctor who devoted his life to treating patients and to revolutionizing the history of mankind by putting China on a path for modernization. We seek to honor Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s legacy by soliciting 150 most important questions in the war against cancer from cancer researchers and clinicians worldwide. We hope that presenting the most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology would be beneficial to stimulating all cancer fighters, especially young generation researchers to focus on the key issues that will generate the most significant impact on cancer cures. A significant number of questions have been submitted by clinicians and researchers covering the fields of cancer etiology, cancer immunology, metabolism, biology, prevention, early detection, treatment modality, drug development, novel experimental technology, and cancer-induced erythrogenesis. Starting in the December issue of 2016, the Chinese Journal of Cancer will publish a series of peer-reviewed top-ranked questions from several categories. We hope these questions will further trigger a brainstorm among cancer researchers and encourage continued submission of key questions and research articles in the coming months to the Chinese Journal of Cancer as a special tribute to Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

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Author and article information

Contributors

: cjc@sysucc.org.cn

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Chin J Cancer

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Chin J Cancer

Title: Chinese Journal of Cancer

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 1000-467X

ISSN (Electronic): 1944-446X

Publication date (Electronic): 13 July 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 13 July 2017

Publication date Collection: 2017

Volume: 36

Electronic Location Identifier: 55

Affiliations

ISNI 0000 0001 2360 039X, GRID grid.12981.33, , Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, ; Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong P. R. China

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Publisher ID: 222

DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0222-7

PMC ID: 5508686

PubMed ID: 28701224

SO-VID: 4aec1bd3-8970-47f9-890a-2b92321f5386

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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 3 July 2017

Date accepted : 4 July 2017

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Keywords: mouse models,cervical cancer,anti-metastasis drug,cachexia,oligo-metastasis,warburg effect,epstein–barr virus,lung cancer

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Keywords: mouse models, cervical cancer, anti-metastasis drug, cachexia, oligo-metastasis, warburg effect, epstein–barr virus, lung cancer

The 150 most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology series: questions 40–49

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The most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology—Question 2–5. Obesity-related cancers: more questions than answers

The 150 most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology series: questions 6–14

Defeating cancer: the 150 most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology

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