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      Autopsy-proven causes of death in lungs of patients immunocompromised by secondary interstitial pneumonia Translated title: Causas de óbito por pneumonia intersticial secundária em autópsias pulmonares de pacientes imunocomprometidos

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          Abstract

          PURPOSE: To present the more frequent associations found in autopsies of immunocompromised patients who developed secondary interstitial pneumonia as well as the risk of death (odds ratio) in having specific secondary interstitial pneumonia according to the cause of immunocompromise. METHOD: From January 1994 to March 2004, 17,000 autopsies were performed at Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School. After examining the pathology report review, we selected 558 of these autopsies (3.28%) from patients aged 15 years or more with primary underlying diseases who developed radiologically diffuse infiltrates of the lung during their hospital course and died after secondary interstitial pneumonia (bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, pulmonary recurrence of underlying disease, drug-induced lung disease, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, or pulmonary embolism). Histology slides were reviewed by experienced pathologists to confirm or not the presence of secondary interstitial pneumonia. Statistical analysis included the Fisher exact test to verify any association between histopathology and the cause of immunocompromise; a logistic regression was used to predict the risk of death for specific histological findings for each of the independent variables in the model. RESULTS: Secondary interstitial pneumonia was histologically represented by diffuse interstitial pneumonitis ranging from mild nonspecific findings (n = 213) to a pattern of diffuse alveolar damage (n = 273). The principal causes of immunocompromise in patients with diffuse alveolar damage were sepsis (136 cases), neoplasia (113 cases), diabetes mellitus (37 cases), and transplantation (48 cases). A high risk of death by pulmonary edema was found for patients with carcinoma of colon. Similarly, in patients with lung cancer or cachexia, A high risk of death by bronchopneumonia (OR = 3.6; OR = 2.6, respectively) was found. Pulmonary thromboembolism was associated with an appreciable risk of death (OR = 2.4) in patients with arterial hypertension. The risk of death was also high in patients presenting hepatic cancer (OR = 2.5) or steroid therapy (OR = 2.4) who developed pulmonary hemorrhage as the histological pattern of secondary interstitial pneumonia . The risk of death by lung metastasis was also elevated (OR = 1.6) for patients that were immunosuppressed after radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Patients with secondary immunosuppression who developed secondary interstitial pneumonia during treatment in hospital should be evaluated to avoid death by diffuse alveolar damage, pulmonary edema, bronchopneumonia, lung hemorrhage, pulmonary thromboembolism, or lung metastasis. The high-risk patients are those immunosuppressed by hematologic disease; those under steroid treatment; or those with colon or hepatic carcinoma, cachexia, or arterial hypertension.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Apresentar as associações mais freqüentes encontradas em autópsias de pacientes imunossuprimidos que desenvolveram pneumonia intersticial secundária bem como o risco de óbito (Odds Ratio) de desenvolver PIS associada à causa da imunossupressão. MÉTODO: De janeiro de 1994 a março de 2004, 17000 autópsias foram realizadas no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. A partir da revisão dos laudos patológicos foram selecionados 558 destas autópsias (3,28%) de pacientes com 15 anos de idade ou mais, com alguma doença de base que desenvolveu um infiltrado pulmonar radiologicamente difuso durante o curso da hospitalização e que depois foi para óbito com pneumonia intersticial secundária (broncopneumonia, pneumonia lobar, pneumonia intersticial, dano alveolar difuso, doença pulmonar recorrente, doença pulmonar induzida por drogas, edema pulmonar cardiogênico e embolismo pulmonar). As lâminas histológicas foram revisadas por patologistas experientes para confirmar ou não a presença de pneumonia intersticial secundária. A análise estatística incluiu o "Teste exato de Fisher" para verificar associação entre a histolopatologia e causa de imunocomprometimento; e regressão logística para predizer o risco de óbito por achados histológicos específicos para cada variável independente do modelo. RESULTADOS: A pneumonia intersticial secundária foi representada histológicamente por pneumonite intersticial difusa variando de características não especificas leves (n=213) ao padrão histológico de dano alveolar difuso (n=273). A principal causa de imunossupressão nos pacientes com dano alveolar difuso foi sepse (136 casos), neoplasia (113 casos), diabetes melito (37 casos) e transplantados (37 casos). O maior risco de morte por edema pulmonar foi encontrado nos pacientes com carcinoma de cólon. Da mesma forma, nos pacientes com câncer pulmonar ou cachexia ocorreu um alto risco de morte (OR=3.6; OR=2.6, respectivamente) por broncopneumonia. O tromboembolismo pulmonar ofereceu um importante risco de morte (OR=2.4) nos pacientes com hipertensão arterial. Observou-se também risco de morte por câncer hepático (OR=2.5) ou terapia esteroidea (OR=2.4) nos pacientes que desenvolveram hemorragia pulmonar com padrão histológico de pneumonia intersticial secundária. Da mesma forma houve alto risco de morte por metástase pulmonar (OR= 1.6) nos pacientes imunossuprimidos após radioterapia. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com imunossupressão secundária que desenvolveram pneumonia intersticial secundária durante o tratamento dentro do hospital podem ser avaliados para evitar como evento final o dano alveolar difuso, o edema pulmonar, a broncopneumonia, a hemorragia pulmonar, o tromboembolismo pulmonar e a metástase pulmonar. Os pacientes com aumento de risco são aqueles imunossuprimidos por doença hematológica, sob tratamento com esteroides, carcimona hepático, cachexia e hipertensão.

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          Most cited references50

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          Cytopathology or immunopathology? The puzzle of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis revisited

          Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain why cytomegalovirus pneumonitis (CMV-P) is frequent and severe in bone marrow transplant patients while remaining rare and mild in HIV infected patients. One hypothesis suggests that CMV-P is an immunopathological condition that is common in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) under the effects of an abnormally regenerating immune system that reacts against CMV infected lung tissue. Such a hypothesis implicates CD4 T lymphocytes as one of the critical cell populations involved in immunopathology and also suggests that this process would be aborted by CD4 T cell deficiency in HIV infection. However, studies correlating the onset of CMV-P with lymphocyte reconstitution following BMT have revealed that CD4 cells are present at very low frequencies in the blood during the early period after transplantation when most cases of CMV-P occur. Furthermore, studies directly investigating bronchoalveolar lavage cell types during episodes of CMV-P in BMT patients have also failed to demonstrate significant CD4 involvement and, instead, have emphasized a predominance of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8 cells. These findings serve as the basis for questioning the validity of a CD4-driven immunopathological model of CMV-P in BMT. On the other hand, a variety of experimental and clinical observations support the protective role of CMV-specific CD3+ CD8 T lymphocytes against CMV in both immunocompetent individuals and BMT patients. In a murine BMT model, adoptive transfer of syngeneic BM cells was associated with massive increases in lung CD8 cells which resulted in the resolution rather than the exacerbation of existing CMV-P. In the light of these findings a more plausible hypothesis for CMV-P in BMT is that during the early period after transplantation adequate protective CD8 responses are absent and an uncontrolled CMV proliferation is allowed to develop. Once a critical viral load is reached a cytokine ‘storm’ may be triggered in the lung tissue that aggravates direct CMV-associated cytopathic effects. Likely candidates for this process would include the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from alveolar macrophages stimulated by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) released from NK cells that are reconstituted early after BMT. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 26, 591–597.
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            Pulmonary complications after bone marrow transplantation: an autopsy study from a large transplantation center.

            Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is used to treat various malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Pulmonary complications are some of the most common causes of mortality in BMT recipients. Poor general health and bleeding tendency frequently preclude the use of definitive diagnostic tests, such as open lung biopsy, in these patients. To identify pulmonary complications after BMT and their role as the cause of death (COD). The autopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) slides and microbiology studies of BMT recipients from a 7-year period were reviewed. Pulmonary complications were identified in 40 (80%) of the 50 cases. The most common complications were diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Pulmonary complications were the sole or 1 of multiple CODs in 37 cases (74%). All complications were more common in allogeneic BMT recipients. In 19 (51%) of the 37 cases in which pulmonary complications contributed to the death, cultures were negative. Both DAD and DAH, complications commonly reported in the early post-BMT period, were seen more than 100 days after BMT in 33% and 12% of cases, respectively. Five (83%) of 6 cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosed at autopsy were negative for fungi ante mortem (by BAL and cultures). Pulmonary complications are a significant COD in BMT recipients, many of which, especially the fungal infections, are difficult to diagnose ante mortem. The etiology of DAD and DAH is likely to be multifactorial, and these complications are not limited to the early posttransplantation period. Autopsy examination is important in determining the COD in BMT recipients.
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              Fungal infections in solid organ transplantation.

              Renal, liver, heart and lung transplantation are now considered to be the standard therapeutic interventions in patients with end-stage organ failure. Infectious complications following transplantation are relatively common due to the transplant recipients overall immunosuppressed status. The incidence of invasive mycoses following solid organ transplant ranges from 5 to 42% depending on the organ transplanted. These mycoses are associated with high overall mortality rates. Candida and Aspergillus spp. produce most of these infections. This article will review the risk factors, clinical presentation and treatment of invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant patients, and evaluate the role of prophylactic therapy in this group of patients.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                clin
                Clinics
                Clinics
                Faculdade de Medicina / USP (São Paulo )
                1980-5322
                February 2007
                : 62
                : 1
                : 69-76
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S1807-59322007000100011
                10.1590/S1807-59322007000100011
                4bc00ea3-e611-4b54-89bb-d5a37ba4863e

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1807-5932&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Autopsies,Secondary interstitial pneumonia,Immunocompromised patients,Diffuse alveolar damage,Autópsias,Pneumonia intersticial secundária,Pacientes imunocomprometidos,Dano alveolar difuso

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