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      Physical Activity During Recess Outdoors and Indoors Among Urban Public School Students, St. Louis, Missouri, 2010–2011

      brief-report
      Author(s): , DPT, MSCI, , PT, PhD, , PhD
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Preventing Chronic Disease
      Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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          Abstract

          We measured the quantity and intensity of physical activity in 106 urban public school students during recess outdoors, recess indoors in the gym, and recess indoors in the classroom. Students in grades 2 through 5 wore accelerometer pedometers for an average of 6.2 (standard deviation [SD], 1.4) recess periods over 8 weeks; a subsample of 26 also wore heart rate monitors. We determined, on the basis of 655 recess observations, that outdoor recess enabled more total steps per recess period ( P < .0001), more steps in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( P < .0001), and higher heart rates than recess in the gym or classroom. To maximize physical activity quantity and intensity, school policies should promote outdoor recess.

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          2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development.

          Robert J. Kuczmarski, Cynthia Ogden, Shumei S. Guo … (2002)
          This report provides detailed information on how the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts for the United States were developed, expanding upon the report that accompanied the initial release of the charts in 2000. The growth charts were developed with data from five national health examination surveys and limited supplemental data. Smoothed percentile curves were developed in two stages. In the first stage, selected empirical percentiles were smoothed with a variety of parametric and nonparametric procedures. In the second stage, parameters were created to obtain the final curves, additional percentiles and z-scores. The revised charts were evaluated using statistical and graphical measures. The 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts were revised for infants (birth to 36 months) and older children (2 to 20 years). New body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age) charts were created. Use of national data improved the transition from the infant charts to those for older children. The evaluation of the charts found no large or systematic differences between the smoothed percentiles and the empirical data. The 2000 CDC growth charts were developed with improved data and statistical procedures. Health care providers now have an instrument for growth screening that better represents the racial-ethnic diversity and combination of breast- and formula-feeding in the United States. It is recommended that these charts replace the 1977 NCHS charts when assessing the size and growth patterns of infants, children, and adolescents.
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            Estimated energy expenditures for school-based policies and active living.

            Gregory W Heath, Donna Wolff, Jeanne M. Frederick … (2013)
            Despite overwhelming evidence of the health benefits of physical activity, most American youth are not meeting the 60 minutes per day recommendation for moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Policy changes have the potential to bring about substantial increases in physical activity in youth, within school and community settings. The purpose of this study was to quantify the increase in energy expenditure for school-based policies and built environment changes. Scientific literature reviews were consulted, and more than 300 published studies (1995-2011) in English were identified based on titles and abstracts. After an initial screening, 85 articles were included. Study quality was assessed, and the impact of various strategies for increasing physical activity in youth was estimated from objective measurements/direct observation. Within school settings, the average minutes of MVPA gained per school day for studies in each intervention category were as follows: mandatory physical education (23 minutes); classroom activity breaks (19 minutes); afterschool activity programs (10 minutes); standardized physical education curricula (6 minutes more than traditional physical education); modified playgrounds (6 minutes); and modified recess (5 minutes more than traditional recess). Within community settings, significant MVPA was associated with active commuting (16 minutes) and park renovations (12 minutes), but proximity to parks had a small effect (1 minute). No conclusions could be drawn regarding joint-use agreements, because of a lack of studies quantifying their impact on energy expenditure. Of the various policies and built environment changes examined, the largest effects were seen with mandatory physical education, classroom activity breaks, and active commuting to school. Policymakers can use this information along with estimates of the cost, feasibility, and population reach, to identify the best options for increasing physical activity in youth. Copyright © 2013 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Does the Fractionalization of Daily Physical Activity (Sporadic vs. Bouts) Impact Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Youth?

              Rebecca M. Holman, Valerie Carson, Ian Janssen (2011)
              Objective Children and youth accumulate their daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in bouts (i.e., ≥5 consecutive minutes) and in a sporadic manner (i.e., <5 consecutive minutes). The study objective was to determine, within children and youth, whether MVPA accumulated in bouts is more strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors than an equivalent volume of MVPA accumulated sporadically. Methods Participants consisted of 2754 children and youth aged 6–19 years from the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative cross-sectional study. Bouts and sporadic MVPA were measured objectively over 7 days using Actigraph accelerometers. Thresholds of 5 and 10 consecutive minutes were used to differentiate between bouts and sporadic MVPA. A high cardiometabolic risk factor score (CRS) was created based on measures of waist circumference, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and systolic blood pressure. Associations were examined using logistic regression and controlled for covariates (sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, dietary fat and sodium, smoking, and accelerometry wear time). Results The odds of a high CRS decreased in a dose-response for both the sporadic and bout MVPA measures. Relative to quartile 1, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for a high CRS in quartile 4 was 0.25 (0.10–0.60) for sporadic MVPA, 0.17 (0.09–0.34) for ≥5 minute bouts of MVPA, and 0.19 (0.11–0.34) for ≥10 minute bouts of MVPA. The sporadic and bout MVPA measures had a similar ability to distinguish between participants with high and normal CRS. Relative to 0 minutes of MVPA, an equivalent number of minutes of sporadic MVPA and bouts of MVPA had an almost identical odds ratio for a high CRS. The findings were consistent for 5 and 10 minute bout thresholds. Conclusions The relations between sporadic MVPA and bouts of MVPA with cardiometabolic risk factors were remarkably similar in children and youth.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Prev Chronic Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Prev Chronic Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PCD
                Title: Preventing Chronic Disease
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-1151
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 November 2013
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: E196
                Affiliations
                [1]Author Affiliations: Irene Tran, B. Ruth Clark, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Susan B. Racette, PhD, Associate Professor, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8502, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, Missouri 63108. Telephone: 314-286-1424. E-mail: racettes@ 123456wustl.edu .
                Article
                Publisher ID: 13_0135
                DOI: 10.5888/pcd10.130135
                PMC ID: 3839587
                PubMed ID: 24262028
                SO-VID: 4bc90972-3190-40e4-aa6c-2992cf554d79
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Brief
                Series title: Peer Reviewed

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care

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