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      Analysis of Pediatric Pancreatitis (APPLE Trial): Pre-Study Protocol of a Multinational Prospective Clinical Trial

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          Abstract

          Background: Single-centered studies show increased number of acute pancreatitis (AP) in children. Here, the Pediatric Section of the Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group introduces an international observational clinical trial (APPLE) to collect a critical mass of clinical data and biomedical research samples in a uniform prospective manner. Summary: The APPLE-R is for patients under 18 years of age with a history of pancreatitis. The study primarily provides information on possible genetic variants behind the disease and their impact on the prognosis. The APPLE-P is for patients under 18 years of age with a diagnosis of AP. Children with AP diagnosed based on the fulfillment of ‘2 out of 3' of the Atlanta criteria will be selected. This subtrial requests detailed information from the medical history, etiology, complains and symptoms, physical examinations, laboratory parameters, imaging, immediate therapy at admission and complications of the disease. The APPLE trial has been registered at the ISRCTN registry and has received the relevant ethical approval. The study is open for all pediatric centers throughout the world. Key Message: This is the first worldwide study tracking earlier (APPLE-R) and ongoing episodes (APPLE-P) of pancreatitis.

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          Most cited references30

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          Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis.

          Prognostic factor scoring systems provide one method of predicting severity of acute pancreatitis. This paper reports the prospective assessment of a system using nine factors available within 48 hours of admission. This assessment does not include patient data used to compile the system. Of 405 episodes of acute pancreatitis occurring in a seven year period, 72% had severity correctly predicted by the system; 31% of 131 episodes with three or more factors present were severe and 8% of 274 episodes with less than three factors were severe. Assessment of individual factors revealed only one which did not predict severity. A scoring system based on the other eight factors correctly predicted severity in 79% of episodes. Prognostic factor scoring systems (i) alert the clinician to potentially severe disease, (ii) allow comparison of severity within and between patient series and (iii) will allow rational selection of patients for trials of new treatment.
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            Definitions of pediatric pancreatitis and survey of present clinical practices.

            There is limited literature on acute pancreatitis (AP), acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP), and chronic pancreatitis (CP) in children. The International Study Group of Pediatric Pancreatitis: In Search for a Cure (INSPPIRE) consortium was formed to standardize definitions, develop diagnostic algorithms, investigate disease pathophysiology, and design prospective multicenter studies in pediatric pancreatitis. Subcommittees were formed to delineate definitions of pancreatitis, and a survey was conducted to analyze present practice. AP was defined as requiring 2 of the following: abdominal pain compatible with AP, serum amylase and/or lipase values ≥3 times upper limits of normal, and imaging findings of AP. ARP was defined as ≥2 distinct episodes of AP with intervening return to baseline. CP was diagnosed in the presence of typical abdominal pain plus characteristic imaging findings, or exocrine insufficiency plus imaging findings, or endocrine insufficiency plus imaging findings. We found that children with pancreatitis were primarily managed by pediatric gastroenterologists. Unless the etiology was known, initial investigations included serum liver enzymes, triglycerides, calcium, and abdominal ultrasound. Further investigations (usually for ARP and CP) included magnetic resonance or other imaging, sweat chloride, and genetic testing. Respondents' future goals for INSPPIRE included determining natural history of pancreatitis, developing algorithms to evaluate and manage pancreatitis, and validating diagnostic criteria. INSPPIRE represents the first initiative to create a multicenter approach to systematically characterize pancreatitis in children. Future aims include creation of patient database and biologic sample repository.
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              Increasing incidence of acute pancreatitis at an American pediatric tertiary care center: is greater awareness among physicians responsible?

              Studies show an increased incidence of adult acute pancreatitis (AP) in recent decades. The aim was to review pediatric AP incidence. Retrospective review of computerized databases at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1993 to 2004. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, code 5770 Acute Pancreatitis was used; results were tabulated by discharge year and month. The incidence of AP was compared with orders for amylase and lipase testings and with the catchment population. Over the study period, there were a total of 1021 discharge diagnoses of AP (731 first diagnoses). The diagnosis of AP increased from a low of 28 total cases (21 first diagnoses) in 1993 to a high of 141 total cases (109 first diagnoses) in 2004. The catchment population decreased from 882,000 to 826,500. The estimated incidences of first AP admission were 2.4 to 13.2 per 100,000 children (years 1993-2004; r = 0.8339). Linear regression analysis suggests that increased testing for amylase and lipase could account for 94% of the change in all AP admissions (P = 5.1 x 10). The increased incidence of AP at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1993 to 2004 may have been primarily driven by increased testing for the disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                DIG
                Digestion
                10.1159/issn.0012-2823
                Digestion
                S. Karger AG
                0012-2823
                1421-9867
                2016
                March 2016
                26 November 2015
                : 93
                : 2
                : 105-110
                Affiliations
                a1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, MTA-SZTE Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, and bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, cHeim Pál Children's Hospital, Budapest, and dBalassa János Hospital Country of Tolna, Szekszárd, Szekszárd, Hungary; eDepartment of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
                Author notes
                *Péter Hegyi, MD, PhD, DSc, Professor of Medicine, 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8, 6720 Szeged (Hungary), E-Mail hegyi.peter@med.u-szeged.hu
                Article
                441353 Digestion 2016;93:105-110
                10.1159/000441353
                26613586
                4be96db9-e6c2-40bf-94d5-b7283a5787bc
                © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 03 July 2015
                : 28 September 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, References: 41, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Oncology & Radiotherapy,Gastroenterology & Hepatology,Surgery,Nutrition & Dietetics,Internal medicine
                Evidence-based medicine,Acute pancreatitis,Pediatric pancreatitis,Genetic mutations

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