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      Asociación entre la caminabilidad del barrio de residencia y la mortalidad por distintas causas en Andalucía Translated title: Association between neighborhood walkability and mortality due to different causes in Andalusia (Spain)

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Describir la asociación entre la caminabilidad del barrio de residencia y la mortalidad. Método Estudio ecológico de áreas pequeñas. Se calcularon las razones de mortalidad estandarizadas (RME) y el Walk Score© en cada sección censal. Los valores se compararon con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas. Resultados En los hombres, las RME medias para enfermedades isquémicas en las categorías de más y de menos caminabilidad fueron 1,03 y 0,85 (p <0,01), y para la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) fueron de 1,009 y 1,20 (p <0,01). En las mujeres, las medias de las RME para la diabetes fueron de 0,97 y 1,2 (p <0,01), para las enfermedades isquémicas fueron 1,01 y 1,12 (p <0,01), para las enfermedades cerebrovasculares fueron 1,007 y 1,18 (p <0,01), para la EPOC fueron 1,01 y 1,49 (p <0,01), y para todas las causas fueron 1,006 y 1,08 (p <0,01). Conclusiones El comportamiento para caminar dentro de las actividades de la vida diaria es distinto entre sexos. Vivir en barrios caminables es un factor protector para las mujeres.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective To describe the association between the Neighborhood Walkability and mortality. Method Ecological study of small areas. The standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and the Walk Score© were calculated in each census tract. These values were compared with parametric and nonparametric tests. Results For men, in the case of ischemic diseases, the means of the SMR for the categories with the highest walkability and the least were 1.03 and 0.85 (p <0.01), and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were 1,009 and 1.20 (p <0.01). In women, the means of the SMR for diabetes were 0.97 and 1.2 (p <0.01), for ischemic diseases were 1.01 and 1.12 (p <0.01), for cerebrovascular diseases were 1.007 and 1.18 (p <0.01), for COPD were 1.01 and 1.49 (p <0.01) and for all causes were 1.006 and 1.08 (p <0.01) Conclusions Behavior about walking in the activities of daily life is different between sexes. Living in walkable neighborhoods is a protective factor for women.

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          Validation of Walk Score for estimating access to walkable amenities.

          Proximity to walkable destinations or amenities is thought to influence physical activity behaviour. Previous efforts attempting to calculate neighbourhood walkability have relied on self-report or time-intensive and costly measures. Walk Score is a novel and publicly available website that estimates neighbourhood walkability based on proximity to 13 amenity categories (eg, grocery stores, coffee shops, restaurants, bars, movie theatres, schools, parks, libraries, book stores, fitness centres, drug stores, hardware stores, clothing/music stores). The purpose of this study is to test the validity and reliability of Walk Score for estimating access to objectively measured walkable amenities. Walk Scores of 379 residential/non-residential addresses in Rhode Island were manually calculated. Geographic information systems (GIS) was used to objectively measure 4194 walkable amenities in the 13 Walk Score categories. GIS data were aggregated from publicly available data sources. Sums of amenities within each category were matched to address data, and Pearson correlations were calculated between the category sums and address Walk Scores. Significant correlations were identified between Walk Score and all categories of aggregated walkable destinations within a 1-mile buffer of the 379 residential and non-residential addresses. Test-retest reliability correlation coefficients for a subsample of 100 addresses were 1.0. These results support Walk Score as a reliable and valid measure of estimating access to walkable amenities. Walk Score may be a convenient and inexpensive option for researchers interested in exploring the relationship between access to walkable amenities and health behaviours such as physical activity.
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            What is a walkable place? The walkability debate in urban design

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              Validation of Walk Score® for Estimating Neighborhood Walkability: An Analysis of Four US Metropolitan Areas

              Neighborhood walkability can influence physical activity. We evaluated the validity of Walk Score® for assessing neighborhood walkability based on GIS (objective) indicators of neighborhood walkability with addresses from four US metropolitan areas with several street network buffer distances (i.e., 400-, 800-, and 1,600-meters). Address data come from the YMCA-Harvard After School Food and Fitness Project, an obesity prevention intervention involving children aged 5–11 years and their families participating in YMCA-administered, after-school programs located in four geographically diverse metropolitan areas in the US (n = 733). GIS data were used to measure multiple objective indicators of neighborhood walkability. Walk Scores were also obtained for the participant’s residential addresses. Spearman correlations between Walk Scores and the GIS neighborhood walkability indicators were calculated as well as Spearman correlations accounting for spatial autocorrelation. There were many significant moderate correlations between Walk Scores and the GIS neighborhood walkability indicators such as density of retail destinations and intersection density (p < 0.05). The magnitude varied by the GIS indicator of neighborhood walkability. Correlations generally became stronger with a larger spatial scale, and there were some geographic differences. Walk Score® is free and publicly available for public health researchers and practitioners. Results from our study suggest that Walk Score® is a valid measure of estimating certain aspects of neighborhood walkability, particularly at the 1600-meter buffer. As such, our study confirms and extends the generalizability of previous findings demonstrating that Walk Score is a valid measure of estimating neighborhood walkability in multiple geographic locations and at multiple spatial scales.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                June 2021
                : 35
                : 3
                : 260-263
                Affiliations
                [1] Granada orgnameEscuela Andaluza de Salud Pública España
                [2] Granada orgnameEscuela Andaluza de Salud Pública orgdiv1Observatorio de Salud y Medio Ambiente de Andalucía España
                [3] orgnameCIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública España
                [5] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Sevilla orgdiv1Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología Spain
                [4] Granada orgnameInstituto de Investigación Biosanitaria España
                Article
                S0213-91112021000300010 S0213-9111(21)03500300010
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.06.004
                4c479ee2-ad07-436a-896a-0e10d1f9d266

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 March 2019
                : 19 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales Breves

                Áreas pequeñas,Caminabilidad,Mortalidad,Walkability,Small areas,Mortality

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