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      ‘You’re on the waiting list’: An interpretive phenomenological analysis of young adults’ experiences of waiting lists within mental health services in the UK

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          Abstract

          Waiting lists in mental health services are currently considered too long. Lengthy waits of up to 18 weeks are commonly reported in the UK. Waiting lists have long been associated with a variety of negative psychological responses, however there is little understanding behind young adults’ personal experiences of such delays within mental health services. The current study aimed to explore young adults’ experiences of waiting lists in mental healthcare in the UK. Seven young adults were interviewed in the current study (aged 19–22). Interpretive phenomenological analysis was utilised to explore participant accounts. Three super-ordinate themes were generated: Reliance on Alternative Methods of Support; Inability to Function Sufficiently; and Emergence of Negative Beliefs, Emotions and Thoughts. Participants primarily reported a variety of negative psychological and behavioural consequences associated with waiting lists in mental health services, as well as exacerbated existing physical and psychological health issues. In accordance with the limited number of previous studies, waiting lists are considered by patients to be barriers to mental health support and intervention. Future direction is advised.

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            Member Checking

            The trustworthiness of results is the bedrock of high quality qualitative research. Member checking, also known as participant or respondent validation, is a technique for exploring the credibility of results. Data or results are returned to participants to check for accuracy and resonance with their experiences. Member checking is often mentioned as one in a list of validation techniques. This simplistic reporting might not acknowledge the value of using the method, nor its juxtaposition with the interpretative stance of qualitative research. In this commentary, we critique how member checking has been used in published research, before describing and evaluating an innovative in-depth member checking technique, Synthesized Member Checking. The method was used in a study with patients diagnosed with melanoma. Synthesized Member Checking addresses the co-constructed nature of knowledge by providing participants with the opportunity to engage with, and add to, interview and interpreted data, several months after their semi-structured interview.
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              Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature

              The aim of this article is to review recent epidemiological research on age-of-onset of mental disorders, focusing on the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Median and inter-quartile range (IQR; 25th-75th percentiles) of age-of-onset is much earlier for phobias (7-14, IQR 4-20) and impulse-control disorders (7-15; IQR 4-35) than other anxiety disorders (25-53, IQR 15-75), mood disorders (25-45, IQR 17-65), and substance disorders (18-29, IQR 16-43). Although less data exist for nonaffective psychosis, available evidence suggests that median age-of-onset is in the range late teens through early 20s. Roughly half of all lifetime mental disorders in most studies start by the mid-teens and three quarters by the mid-20s. Later onsets are mostly secondary conditions. Severe disorders are typically preceded by less severe disorders that are seldom brought to clinical attention. First onset of mental disorders usually occur in childhood or adolescence, although treatment typically does not occur until a number of years later. Although interventions with early incipient disorders might help reduce severity-persistence of primary disorders and prevent secondary disorders, additional research is needed on appropriate treatments for early incipient cases and on long-term evaluation of the effects of early intervention on secondary prevention.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                18 March 2022
                2022
                : 17
                : 3
                : e0265542
                Affiliations
                [001] Department of Psychology, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
                Newcastle University, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3182-1288
                Article
                PONE-D-21-20611
                10.1371/journal.pone.0265542
                8932552
                35303040
                4c9201b8-c969-49eb-bd3b-52441b3aa1f0
                © 2022 Punton et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 June 2021
                : 3 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Pages: 19
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Clinical Psychology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Clinical Psychology
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Clinical Psychology
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Adults
                Young Adults
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Mental Health Therapies
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Behavior
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Defense Mechanisms
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Defense Mechanisms
                Custom metadata
                Available data: https://osf.io/cafhd/ (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/CAFHD) The current data in its raw format (verbatim transcripts) contain both potentially identifying and sensitive participant information (e.g., detailed discussion of diagnoses, coping mechanisms, mental health concerns, geographical location of residency/treatment). It would also be of concern should participants self-identify as their signed consent did not state to share this information in its entirety. However, cleaned data in the form of extracted quotes and analysis procedure has been uploaded on a public repository at https://osf.io/cafhd/. Here, it is possible to also see theme generation via accompanying quotes taken directly from the raw data. The researchers will still encourage any individuals interested in the raw data to request it from either the corresponding author ( georgia.punton@ 123456northumbria.ac.uk ), the Ethics Director or the Data Protection Officer at Northumbria University (listed below). Ethical approval was given by the Northumbria University Undergraduate Ethics committee. To contact the Ethics Committee responsible for this project, see Prof. Nick Neave, Director of Ethics at Northumbria University: nick.neave@ 123456northumbria.ac.uk . The Data Protection Officer at Northumbria University (the Data Controller) is Duncan James ( dp.officer@ 123456northumbria.ac.uk ).

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