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      Changes in desiccation tolerance and respiratory rates of immature Caesalpinia echinata Lam. Seeds Translated title: Alterações na tolerância à dessecação e nas taxas respiratórias de sementes imaturas de Caesalpinia echinata Lam.

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Seed storage is an important tool for ex situ conservation. Orthodox seeds can be stored for long periods, but recalcitrant seeds generally only for short periods. There is wide variation in the degree of desiccation tolerance between orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, leading authors to suggest levels of recalcitrance and, more recently, that there are variations in the stage of maturity at seed dispersal. Thus, recalcitrant behavior would be a result of premature dispersal from the mother plant. In this study, we sought to establish physiological relationships between different stages of development of immature orthodox Caesalpinia echinata seeds and the stages described for recalcitrant seeds to verify similarity of behavior. Therefore, we analyzed the desiccation tolerance of seeds collected at different ages, with and without PEG treatment, at different levels of drying (40%, 30%, 20% and 10% water content, wet basis). Changes in water potential, germination, vigor, and respiratory rates of the seeds were analyzed, and the results showed that: 1) desiccation tolerance increased as maturation proceeded; 2) PEG treatment did not induce desiccation tolerance; and 3) PEG treatment decreased the seed oxidation rate, which is the main factor in rapid seed deterioration of C. echinata in storage.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: Armazenamento de sementes é uma importante ferramenta para a conservação ex situ. Sementes ortodoxas podem ser armazenadas por longos períodos, mas as recalcitrantes apresentam curta longevidade. Há grande variação na tolerância à dessecação entre ambas, sugerindo a existência de níveis de recalcitrância e, mais recentemente, a existência de variações no estádio de maturação quando são dispersas. Assim, o comportamento recalcitrante seria resultado da dispersão prematura dessas sementes pela planta-mãe. Neste trabalho procurou-se estabelecer relações fisiológicas em diferentes estádios imaturos das sementes ortodoxas de Caesalpinia echinata com as descritas para sementes recalcitrantes, visando a verificar comportamentos semelhantes. Para tanto, analisou-se a tolerância à dessecação, natural e induzida por solução osmótica de PEG, das sementes das diferentes idades até teores de água de 40%, 30%, 20% e 10% de água (base úmida). Avaliaram-se alterações no potencial hídrico, na germinação, no vigor e nas taxas respiratórias das sementes. Foi observado que: 1) houve avanço da tolerância à dessecação com a evolução na maturação; 2) não houve indução de tolerância à dessecação com PEG; 3) este reduziu as taxas de oxidação das sementes, principal fator da sua rápida deterioração em armazenamento.

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          Most cited references24

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          Regraspara análise de sementes

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            The oxygen status of the developing seed.

            Recent applications of oxygen-sensitive microsensors have demonstrated steep oxygen gradients in developing seeds of various crops. Here, we present an overview on oxygen distribution, major determinants of the oxygen status in the developing seed and implications for seed physiology. The steady-state oxygen concentration in different seed tissues depends on developmental parameters, and is determined to a large extent by environmental factors. Photosynthetic activity of the seed significantly diminishes hypoxic constraints, and can even cause transient, local hyperoxia. Changes in oxygen availability cause rapid adjustments in mitochondrial respiration and global metabolism. We argue that nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in the oxygen balancing process in seeds, avoiding fermentation and anoxia in vivo. Molecular approaches aiming to increase oxygen availability within the seed are discussed.
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              A modulating role for antioxidants in desiccation tolerance.

              Most organisms depend on the availability of water. However, some life-forms, among them plants and fungi, but very few animals, can survive in the desiccated state. Here we discuss biochemical mechanisms that confer tolerance to desiccation in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms. We first consider damage caused by water removal and point out that free radicals are a major cause of death in intolerant tissue. Free radicals impair metabolism and necessitate protection and repair during desiccation and rehydration, respectively. As a consequence, desiccation tolerance and prolonged longevity in the desiccated state depend on the ability to scavenge free radicals, using antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbate, tocopherols and free radical-processing enzymes. Some 'classic' antioxidants may be absent in lower plants and fungi. On the other hand, lichens and seeds often contain secondary phenolic products with antioxidant properties. The major intracellular antioxidant consistently found in all life forms is glutathione, making it essential to survive desiccation. We finally discuss the role of glutathione to act as a signal that initiates programmed cell death. The failure of the antioxidant system during long-term desiccation appears to trigger programmed cell death, causing ageing and eventual death of the organism. In turn, this suggests that a potent antioxidant machinery is one of the underlying mechanisms of desiccation tolerance.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jss
                Journal of Seed Science
                J. Seed Sci.
                ABRATES - Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes (Londrina, PR, Brazil )
                2317-1537
                2317-1545
                June 2017
                : 39
                : 2
                : 123-132
                Affiliations
                [1] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameInstituto de Botânica orgdiv1Núcleo de Pesquisa em Sementes Brazil
                Article
                S2317-15372017000200123
                10.1590/2317-1545v39n2167788
                4c9cf21a-8046-43d1-a90b-47530e90b385

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 August 2016
                : 10 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                processos oxidativos,desiccation tolerance,osmocondicionamento,maturação,osmopriming,oxidative process,maturation,tolerância à dessecação

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