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      Homogenizing out-of-plane cation composition in perovskite solar cells

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          Abstract

          Perovskite solar cells with the formula FA 1− x Cs x PbI 3, where FA is formamidinium, provide an attractive option for integrating high efficiency, durable stability and compatibility with scaled-up fabrication. Despite the incorporation of Cs cations, which could potentially enable a perfect perovskite lattice 1, 2 , the compositional inhomogeneity caused by A-site cation segregation is likely to be detrimental to the photovoltaic performance of the solar cells 3, 4 . Here we visualized the out-of-plane compositional inhomogeneity along the vertical direction across perovskite films and identified the underlying reasons for the inhomogeneity and its potential impact for devices. We devised a strategy using 1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrole to homogenize the distribution of cation composition in perovskite films. The resultant p–i–n devices yielded a certified steady-state photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of 25.2% and durable stability.

          Abstract

          We added out-of-plane cations to homogenize the distribution of cations in perovskite films, resulting in a solar cell with improved efficiency and stability.

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          Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells.

          Organolead trihalide perovskite materials have been successfully used as light absorbers in efficient photovoltaic cells. Two different cell structures, based on mesoscopic metal oxides and planar heterojunctions have already demonstrated very impressive advances in performance. Here, we report a bilayer architecture comprising the key features of mesoscopic and planar structures obtained by a fully solution-based process. We used CH3NH3 Pb(I(1-x)Br(x))3 (x = 0.1-0.15) as the absorbing layer and poly(triarylamine) as a hole-transporting material. The use of a mixed solvent of γ-butyrolactone and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) followed by toluene drop-casting leads to extremely uniform and dense perovskite layers via a CH3NH3I-PbI2-DMSO intermediate phase, and enables the fabrication of remarkably improved solar cells with a certified power-conversion efficiency of 16.2% and no hysteresis. These results provide important progress towards the understanding of the role of solution-processing in the realization of low-cost and highly efficient perovskite solar cells.
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            Efficient perovskite solar cells via improved carrier management

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              Perovskite solar cells with atomically coherent interlayers on SnO2 electrodes

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                sydai@ncepu.edu.cn
                npark@skku.edu
                yejj@issp.ac.cn
                xpan@rntek.cas.cn
                Journal
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                0028-0836
                1476-4687
                1 November 2023
                1 November 2023
                2023
                : 624
                : 7992
                : 557-563
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.9227.e, ISNI 0000000119573309, Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Hefei, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]GRID grid.59053.3a, ISNI 0000000121679639, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), ; Hefei, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), ( https://ror.org/049tv2d57) Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
                [4 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), ( https://ror.org/049tv2d57) Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
                [5 ]GRID grid.59053.3a, ISNI 0000000121679639, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Physics, , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), ; Hefei, People’s Republic of China
                [6 ]School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), ( https://ror.org/04q78tk20) Suwon, Republic of Korea
                [7 ]SKKU Institute of Energy Science & Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, ( https://ror.org/04q78tk20) Suwon, Republic of Korea
                [8 ]GRID grid.450275.1, ISNI 0000 0000 9989 3072, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
                [9 ]GRID grid.59053.3a, ISNI 0000000121679639, Instruments Center for Physical Science (PIC), , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), ; Hefei, People’s Republic of China
                [10 ]GRID grid.24515.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1450, Department of Physics, , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, ; Kowloon, People’s Republic of China
                [11 ]GRID grid.457348.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0630 1517, University Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INP, IRIG/SyMMES, STEP, ; Grenoble, France
                [12 ]IEK5-Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, ( https://ror.org/02nv7yv05) Jülich, Germany
                [13 ]Faculty of Engineering and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, ( https://ror.org/04mz5ra38) Duisburg, Germany
                [14 ]State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University (NCEPU), ( https://ror.org/04qr5t414) Beijing, People’s Republic of China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6473-8512
                http://orcid.org/0009-0008-5570-5637
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9388-974X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8634-3834
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9563-238X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2868-0613
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6954-8213
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-1166
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5710-9208
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-6300
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-4647
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3770-7918
                Article
                6784
                10.1038/s41586-023-06784-0
                10733143
                37913815
                4cc5207a-63ac-4246-aaaf-25111d001605
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 1 January 2023
                : 25 October 2023
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