The evolution and functional divergence of FT-related genes in controlling flowering time in Brassica rapa ssp . rapa

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Abstract

Key message

The BrrFT paralogues exhibit distinct expression patterns and play different roles in regulating flowering time, and BrrFT4 competes with BrrFT1 and BrrFT2 to interact with BrrFD proteins.

Abstract

Flowering time is an important agricultural trait for Brassica crops, and early bolting strongly affects the yield and quality of Brassica rapa ssp. rapa. Flowering Locus T paralogues play an important role in regulating flowering time. In this study, we identified FT-related genes in turnip by phylogenetic classification, and four BrrFT homoeologs that shared with high identities with BraFT genes were isolated. The different gene structures, promoter binding sites, and expression patterns observed indicated that these genes may play different roles in flowering time regulation. Further genetic and biochemical experiments showed that as for FT-like paralogues, BrrFT2 acted as the key floral inducer, and BrrFT1 seems to act as a mild ‘florigen’ protein. However, BrrFT4 acts as a floral repressor and antagonistically regulates flowering time by competing with BrrFT1 and BrrFT2 to bind BrrFD proteins. BrrFT3 may have experienced loss of function via base shift mutation. Our results revealed the potential roles of FT-related genes in flowering time regulation in turnip.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00299-024-03166-2.

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Most cited references 39

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The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments.

Stephen A. Bustin, Vladimir Benes, Jeremy A. Garson … (2009)

Currently, a lack of consensus exists on how best to perform and interpret quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) experiments. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of sufficient experimental detail in many publications, which impedes a reader's ability to evaluate critically the quality of the results presented or to repeat the experiments. The Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines target the reliability of results to help ensure the integrity of the scientific literature, promote consistency between laboratories, and increase experimental transparency. MIQE is a set of guidelines that describe the minimum information necessary for evaluating qPCR experiments. Included is a checklist to accompany the initial submission of a manuscript to the publisher. By providing all relevant experimental conditions and assay characteristics, reviewers can assess the validity of the protocols used. Full disclosure of all reagents, sequences, and analysis methods is necessary to enable other investigators to reproduce results. MIQE details should be published either in abbreviated form or as an online supplement. Following these guidelines will encourage better experimental practice, allowing more reliable and unequivocal interpretation of qPCR results.

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Gene duplication and evolutionary novelty in plants.

Lex E. Flagel, Jonathan Wendel (2009)

Duplication is a prominent feature of plant genomic architecture. This has led many researchers to speculate that gene duplication may have played an important role in the evolution of phenotypic novelty within plants. Until recently, however, it was difficult to make this connection. We are now beginning to understand how duplication has contributed to adaptive evolution in plants. In this review we introduce the sources of gene duplication and predictions of the various fates of duplicates. We also highlight several recent and pertinent examples from the literature. These examples demonstrate the importance of the functional characteristics of genes and the source of duplication in influencing evolutionary outcome.

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Firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay for protein-protein interactions in plants.

Huamin Chen, Yan Zou, Yulei Shang … (2008)

The development of sensitive and versatile techniques to detect protein-protein interactions in vivo is important for understanding protein functions. The previously described techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, which are used widely for protein-protein interaction studies in plants, require extensive instrumentation. To facilitate protein-protein interaction studies in plants, we adopted the luciferase complementation imaging assay. The amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal halves of the firefly luciferase reconstitute active luciferase enzyme only when fused to two interacting proteins, and that can be visualized with a low-light imaging system. A series of plasmid constructs were made to enable the transient expression of fusion proteins or generation of stable transgenic plants. We tested nine pairs of proteins known to interact in plants, including Pseudomonas syringae bacterial effector proteins and their protein targets in the plant, proteins of the SKP1-Cullin-F-box protein E3 ligase complex, the HSP90 chaperone complex, components of disease resistance protein complex, and transcription factors. In each case, strong luciferase complementation was observed for positive interactions. Mutants that are known to compromise protein-protein interactions showed little or much reduced luciferase activity. Thus, the assay is simple, reliable, and quantitative in detection of protein-protein interactions in plants.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Qin Qiao: qiaoqin1981@126.com

Xiangxiang Kong:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-5404

kongxiangxiang@mail.kib.ac.cn

Yongping Yang: yangyp@mail.kib.ac.cn

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plant Cell Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plant Cell Rep

Title: Plant Cell Reports

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 0721-7714

ISSN (Electronic): 1432-203X

Publication date (Electronic): 7 March 2024

Publication date PMC-release: 7 March 2024

Publication date (Print): 2024

Volume: 43

Issue: 4

Electronic Location Identifier: 86

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, ( https://ror.org/0040axw97) Kunming, 650091 Yunnan China

[2 ]GRID grid.458460.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1764 155X, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Crop Wild Relatives Omics, , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Kunming, 650204 Yunnan China

[3 ]GRID grid.458460.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1764 155X, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Kunming, 650204 Yunnan China

[4 ]College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, ( https://ror.org/04dpa3g90) Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China

Author notes

Communicated by Zheng-Yi Xu.

Author information

Xiangxiang Kong http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-5404

Article

Publisher ID: 3166

DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03166-2

PMC ID: 10920429

PubMed ID: 38453734

SO-VID: 4cd5dcfd-655d-429b-89ae-7b4425944373

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 12 December 2023

Date accepted : 26 January 2024

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;

Award ID: 32170385

Award ID: 32200306

Award Recipient : Yan Zheng Xiangxiang Kong

Funded by: Postdoctoral Directional Training Foundation of Yunnan Province

Award ID: Yan Zheng

Award ID: Landi Luo

Award Recipient : Yan Zheng Landi Luo

Funded by: Yunling Scholar Project

Award ID: Yang Yongping

Award Recipient : Yongping Yang

Funded by: The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program

Award ID: 2019QZKK0502

Award Recipient : Yongping Yang

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany

Keywords: flowering time,ft-related genes,functional divergence,brassica rapa ssp. rapa

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany

Keywords: flowering time, ft-related genes, functional divergence, brassica rapa ssp. rapa

The evolution and functional divergence of FT-related genes in controlling flowering time in Brassica rapa ssp . rapa

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Plant MYBs

Most cited references 39

The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments.

Gene duplication and evolutionary novelty in plants.

Firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay for protein-protein interactions in plants.

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