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      Dupilumab‐associated head and neck dermatitis is associated with elevated pretreatment serum Malassezia‐specific IgE: a multicentre, prospective cohort study

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          Abstract

          Dupilumab associated head and neck dermatitis is incompletely understood. This prospective multicentre prospective study identified baseline Malassezia‐specific IgE as associated with the development of Dupilumab associated head and neck dermatitis.

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          Mechanisms of Dupilumab

          The Th2 cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13 and the heterodimeric IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) complexes that they interact with play a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. Dupilumab is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Rα), common to both IL-4R complexes: type 1 (IL-4Rα/γc; IL-4 specific) and type 2 (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1; IL-4 and IL-13 specific). In this review we detail the current state of knowledge of the different signaling pathways coupled to the IL-4R complexes, examine the possible mechanisms of Dupilumab action and survey its clinical efficacy in different allergic disorders. The development of Dupilumab and the widening spectrum of its clinical applications is relevant to the current emphasis on precision medicine approaches to the blockade of pathways involved in allergic diseases.
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            Clinical and histopathological characterization of paradoxical head and neck erythema in patients with atopic dermatitis treated with dupilumab: a case series

            Summary Dupilumab is the first biologic registered for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). We report on seven patients with AD presenting with a paradoxical head and neck erythema that appeared 10–39 weeks after the start of dupilumab treatment. The patients presented with a relatively sharply demarcated, patchy erythema in the head and neck area that showed no or less scaling compared with their usual eczema. Only one patient experienced symptoms of itch and burning, although this was notably different from his pre‐existent facial AD. Except for a notable ‘red face’, eczema on other body parts had greatly improved in six of the seven patients, with a mean numerical rating scale for treatment satisfaction of 9 out of 10 at the time of biopsy. Treatment of the erythema with topical and systemic drugs was unsuccessful. Despite the presence of this erythema, none of our patients discontinued dupilumab treatment. Lesional skin biopsies showed an increased number of ectatic capillaries, and a perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltration in all patients. In addition, epidermal hyperplasia with elongation of the rete ridges was observed in four patients, resembling a psoriasiform dermatitis. Additional immunohistochemical stainings revealed increased numbers of plasma cells, histiocytes and T lymphocytes. Interestingly, spongiosis was largely absent in all biopsies. We report on patients with AD treated with dupilumab developing a paradoxical erythema in a head and neck distribution. Both clinically and histopathologically we found a heterogeneous response, which was most suggestive of a drug‐induced skin reaction.
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              The role of Malassezia in atopic dermatitis affecting the head and neck of adults.

              Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic skin condition. A subset of patients with head and neck dermatitis may have a reaction to Malassezia flora fueling their disease. Although there are no documented differences in Malassezia species colonization, patients with head and neck atopic dermatitis are more likely to have positive skin prick test results and Malassezia-specific IgE compared with healthy control subjects and patients with atopy without head and neck dermatitis. There is no clear relationship with atopy patch testing. The reaction to Malassezia is likely related to both humoral- and cell-mediated immunity. Clinically, Malassezia allergy may be suspected in patients with atopic dermatitis and: (1) head and neck lesions; (2) exacerbations during adolescence or young adulthood; (3) severe lesions recalcitrant to conventional therapy; and (4) other atopic diseases. There is literature to suggest that these patients will benefit from a 1- to 2-month course of daily itraconazole or ketoconazole followed by long-term weekly treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                john.frew@unsw.edu.au
                Journal
                Br J Dermatol
                Br J Dermatol
                10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2133
                BJD
                The British Journal of Dermatology
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0007-0963
                1365-2133
                19 April 2022
                June 2022
                : 186
                : 6 ( doiID: 10.1111/bjd.v186.6 )
                : 1050-1052
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Dermatology Liverpool Hospital Liverpool Sydney NSW Australia
                [ 2 ] University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
                [ 3 ] Laboratory of Translational Cutaneous Medicine Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research Liverpool Sydney NSW Australia
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence: John W. Frew.

                Email: john.frew@ 123456unsw.edu.au

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5042-3632
                Article
                BJD21019 BJD-2021-2639.R1
                10.1111/bjd.21019
                9322676
                35041759
                4d4ab25b-e175-4174-b5e0-328c20ef889f
                © 2022 The Authors. British Journal of Dermatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                : 29 December 2021
                : 18 November 2021
                : 15 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Pages: 1054, Words: 1665
                Categories
                Research Letter
                Correspondence
                Research Letters
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                June 2022
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.1.7 mode:remove_FC converted:26.07.2022

                Dermatology
                Dermatology

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