INTRODUCTION
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the causative agent
of the COVID-19 pandemic, has infected nearly 86 million people and caused more than
180,000 deaths worldwide. Patients with pre-existing conditions including those with
CKD are at increased risk of adverse outcomes due to this infection. In the US, the
risk of COVID-19 infection was 3.5 times greater among Medicare ESRD beneficiaries
compared to all fee-for-service beneficiaries. Dialysis patients, already at high
risk for a variety of complications, in particular cardiovascular disease, are also
at an increased risk of adverse outcomes secondary to COVID-19 because of age, comorbidities
like diabetes, hypertension and the need for multiple hospital contacts for dialysis.
Most reports of COVID-19 in dialysis patients are from the USA and Europe, and the
impact of the pandemic on dialysis patients in the developing world is lacking. 1,
2, 3, 4 Initial reports from India highlighted the large-scale hardships faced by
the patient on dialysis inability to access treatment during the prolonged period
of nationwide lockdown leading to missed treatments and dropouts.
5
,
6
In this article, we report the outcomes of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in-center
in a large hemodialysis network in India.
RESULTS
Out of a total 14,573 patients who received dialysis in the network centers during
the entire study period, 1279 subjects were found to be positive for SARS-CoV 2. Table
1
describes the demographic characteristics and comorbidities for all subjects. The
mean age was 53.63 years, and male patients were predominant (72.2%). Patients had
been on dialysis for 590±725 days before diagnosis. The commonest comorbidities were
hypertension in 39.85%, diabetes in 20.31%, and heart disease in 6.57%.
Table 1
Description of COVID-19 positive hemodialysis subjects
Total (N=1279)
MalesN=923 (72.17%)
FemalesN=356 (27.83%)
Age (years)<3030-55>55
53.63±13.3067 (5.50)597(49.50)543 (45.00)
54.14±13.3045 (5.14)427 (48.74)404 (46.12)
52.27±13.2222 (6.60)170 (51.40)139 (42.00)
Duration of hospital stay (days)Range
11.95±7.001-39
11.60±6.621-39
12.88±7.861-39
Dialysis vintage (Days)Range
590 ±7251-4032
569±7161-4032
648±7471-3554
Reason for COVID testing
Symptom based
805 (62.94)
583 (63.16)
222 (62.36)
Exposed in unit
86 (6.72)
67 (7.25)
19 (5.33)
Contact in neighbourhood/home
20 (1.56)
15 (1.63)
5 (1.40)
Travel history
4 (0.31)
4 (0.43)
-
Unknown
364 (28.46)
254 (27.52)
110 (30.90)
Outcome
Discharged
969 (75.76)
693 (75.08)
276 (77.53)
Expired
293 (22.91)
219 (23.73)
74 (20.79)
Treating at home
17 (1.33)
11 (1.19)
6 (1.69)
Referred from another facility
No
902 (70.52)
650 (70.42)
252 (70.79)
Yes
377 (29.48)
273 (29.58)
104 (29.21)
Payment type
Out of pocket
210 (22.15)
150 (21.25)
60 (24.79)
Public Insurance
677 (71.41)
514 (72.80)
163 (67.36)
Private insurance
61 (6.43)
42 (5.95)
19 (7.85)
Regular exercise
148 (12.63)
114 (13.43)
34 (10.53)
Tobacco use*
128 (10.95)
118 (13.93)
10 (3.11)
Hypertension
467 (39.85)
335 (39.46)
132 (40.87)
Diabetes
238 (20.31)
176 (20.73)
62 (19.20)
Dyslipidaemia
18 (1.54)
16 (1.88)
2 (0.62)
Heart disease
77 (6.57)
58 (6.83)
19 (5.88)
Data presented as Mean± Standard deviation and number (percentage)
*Includes smoking as well as smokeless (chewable) tobacco
The main indications for testing for SARS-CoV2 were the presence of symptoms in 805
(63%), and contact with SARS-CoV 2 positive patients in hospital in 86 (6.72%). A
total of 377 (29.48%) patients were referred from another dialysis facility after
receiving a COVID-19 diagnosis because the referring unit did not have the facility
to dialyse these patients. A majority of the patients (1262, 98.67%) were hospitalized
after being diagnosed with COVID-19. The duration of hospital stay was 11.95±7 days.
The distribution of variables in subjects who survived and who expired are shown in
table 2
. Of the COVID positive population, 293 (22.91%) expired. During the same time, there
were 2560 deaths amongst the 13,294 COVID-19 negative population in the network, giving
a mortality rate of 19.26%. In comparison, this death rate during the same period
in the previous year (2019) was 15%.
Table 2
Variables among Covid-19 positive patients who died and survived
DiedN = 293 (22.91)
SurvivedN = 986 (77.09)
Sex
FemaleMale
74 (25.26)
282 (28.60)
219 (74.74)
704 (71.40)
Referred from another facility
NoYes
239 (81.57)
663 (67.24)
54 (18.43)
323 (32.76)
Smoker/tobacco user
24 (8.70)
104 (11.65)
Exercise
36 (12.90)
112 (12.54)
Diabetes
75 (26.88)
163 (18.25)
Dyslipidemia
6 (2.15)
12 (1.34)
Heart disease
27 (9.68)
50 (5.60)
Hypertension
140 (50.18)
327 (36.62)
Age (years)
56.51±12.74
52.73±13.35
Dialysis duration (days)Range
786±8261-3481
531±6811-4032
Length of hospitalization (days)Range
8.33±7.101-35
13.1±6.521-39
Data presented as number (percentage) and mean± standard deviation
Compared to those who survived the illness, the COVID-19 positive patients who died
were older (age 56.51±12.74 vs 52.73±13.35 years, p <0.001), and had longer dialysis
vintage (786±826 vs 531±681 days, p<0.001). Mortality in subjects over 55 years was
>3 fold higher as compared to subjects <30 years (p=0.014). Diabetes (OR 1.65, 95%
confidence interval [CI] 1.20-2.25, p =0.002), hypertension (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.33-2.29
p<0.001,), heart disease (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.11-2.95 p=0.018), older age (OR 1.02,
95% CI: 1.01-1.03, p<0.001) and dialysis vintage (OR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.13-1.29, p<0.001)
were significantly associated with mortality (Table 3
). Those who were referred from other dialysis facility had a lower mortality (OR
0.46, 95% CI: 0.34-0.64, p<0.001). After adjusting for other factors, only older age
(OR=1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03, p <0.001) retained significant association with mortality
(Table 3).
Table 3
Logistic regression analysis showing association of death with clinical variables
Unadjusted
Adjusted
Variables
OR (95% CI)
P value
OR (95% CI)
P value
Male sex
1.19 (0.88, 1.60)
0.262
1.22 (0.88,1.69)
0.238
Tobacco use
0.72 (0.45, 1.15)
0.172
0.73 (0.42,1.26)
0.263
Exercise
1.03 (0.69, 1.54)
0.874
0.85 (0.55,1.30)
0.443
Diabetes
1.65 (1.20, 2.25)
0.002
1.00 (0.68, 1.45)
0.979
Dyslipidemia
1.61 (0.60, 4.34)
0.343
0.82 (0.27, 2.52)
0.729
Heart disease
1.81 (1.11, 2.95)
0.018
1.37 (0.79, 2.36)
0.261
Hypertension
1.74 (1.33, 2.29)
<0.001
1.28 (0.89, 1.83)
0.179
Age (years)
1.02 (1.01, 1.03)
<0.001
1.02 (1.01, 1.03)
<0.001
Dialysis duration* (days)
1.20 (1.13, 1.29)
<0.001
1.07 (0.97, 1.18)
0.199
Referred from another facility
0.46 (0.34,0.64)
<0.001
0.72 (0.45,1.15)
0.172
* Duration of dialysis covariate is log transformed for analysis purpose
DISCUSSION
This is the first systematic report of the impact of COVID-19 on the outcomes of patients
on in-centre hemodialysis from the developing world. In the absence of a national
dialysis registry, this analysis from a large cohort comes closest to a nationwide
representation of the health effects of this pandemic in India. We found that the
prevalence of infection was 20-fold greater in this population compared to that reported
in the general population in India during this period (8.7% and 0.44% respectively).
This is greater than that described in the REIN registry data from France (3.3% v
0.2%).
1
In addition to the increase in risk due to repeated contact with the health care system,
the higher prevalence could also be contributed by opportunities for more frequent
screening and testing. The male predominance likely reflects the male dominance in
the general dialysis population. An overwhelming proportion (99%) of the COVID-positive
patients in this cohort were admitted to hospitals in compliance with local policies.
The COVID-19 surge in India followed those in China, Western Europe and North America.
This allowed the Indian centers to rapidly adopt the best practices implemented in
dialysis centers in those parts of the world. There were some unique challenges, however,
related to the Indian healthcare system, such as the closure of units in certain hospitals
that were converted into COVID hospitals and other centers turning COVID positive
patients away because of lack of resources that produced additional hardships for
dialysis patients in India.
5
,
6
About 30% of COVID-19 positive patients had been referred from other dialysis centers.
About a quarter of all COVID-positive dialysis patients died. This mortality rate
is comparable to that reported by other studies on hemodialysis patients from high-income
countries, despite the Indian dialysis population being younger and having a lower
prevalence of comorbidities. The mortality was indeed much greater than the COVID-19
case fatality rate amongst the general population of India (1.45%). However, the mortality
rate among non-COVID patients during the study period in the network was 19.26%, which
suggests that the excess mortality in the COVID-positive population was just about
3.7%. The mortality in the NephroPlus dialysis cohort during the corresponding period
in 2019 was 15%, suggesting that the impact of COVID-19 during the study period was
not limited to those who were infected with the virus. Our finding confirms the high
mortality reported amongst dialysis patients in general during the pandemic,
5
,
7
attributable due to other factors related to the pandemic or the lockdown like difficulty
in transport, closure of dialysis facilities, reduced dialysis frequency, decreased
inpatient and outpatient care, and financial difficulties especially.
As expected, elderly males, those with diabetes, hypertension, pre-existing heart
disease, and those with longer dialysis vintage were at increased risk of mortality.
The mortality risk factors are similar to those reported in other studies amongst
the dialysis population and general population studies from India.
The strength of our study includes nationwide coverage with a large population base
who were screened using a uniform protocol, and the completeness of outcome data.
We show that despite relatively limited resources, it was possible to implement COVID
protocols in dialysis units. This is important because in-center dialysis is the overwhelming
dialysis modality during COVID-19 in India, with very low penetration of home dialysis
and an almost complete stoppage of transplantation.
8
There are some limitations, however. Though the network had a uniform temperature
and symptom screening protocol prior to unit entry, the implementation might have
differed based on local practice adherence. The absence of universal screening might
have led to missing out of asymptomatic individuals and an overestimation of case
fatality rates.
The protocols for screening during the study period were constrained by government
directives, local preferences, access to testing and self-reporting of symptoms. A
small study of COVID dialysis from Mumbai had shown that more than 50% of patients
were asymptomatic or had mild disease.
7
Finally, we did not have data on the severity of COVID-19 infection and treatment
protocols in the individuals.
In view of the ongoing surges, the threat by the pandemic will remain significant
for this vulnerable population. This can be minimized by liberal testing protocols
and persisting with steps intended to minimize disease transmission. COVID vaccination
program started in India on January 16, 2021. Appropriately, the healthcare workers
and the elderly are being prioritized. Given the high risk of death, especially amongst
the younger population on dialysis, experts have called for prioritization of dialysis
patients for vaccination before other high-risk groups such as the obese and smokers
and those with heart disease and obesity.
9
It is worth pointing out that a significant proportion of tobacco users use chewing
tobacco, which does not cause lung injury to the same extent as smoking.
To conclude, our study confirms that the in-center dialysis population has a high
risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection and has poor outcomes once infected. Our study
reinforces the need to implement strict measures targeting personal protection as
well as the need to find evidence-based approaches to prevent the development of COVID-19
in this high-risk population.