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      Efficacy, toxicity, and lethality of plants with potential anthelmintic activity in small ruminants in Brazil Translated title: Eficácia, toxicidade e letalidade de plantas com potencial atividade anti-helmíntica em pequenos ruminantes no Brasil

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY The use of medicinal plants as a therapeutic method in the control of diseases has been increasing in animal production. In the case of small ruminants, the endoparasitic disease is a major concern, since they are considered the greater sanitary problem, especially when considering the phenomenon of parasite resistance to the medicines used. Therefore, the development of alternative methods of endoparasitary control in goats and sheep has become a pressing need. The use of plants to control endoparasites can reduce the use of chemical inputs, making more environmentally sustainable livestock, minimizing the occurrence of parasitic resistance to conventional medicines and contributing to the reduction of production costs. In this sense, several studies have been carried out in order to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo activity of plants with anthelmintic potential. However, despite the potentiality found in many studies, the results are sometimes contradictory or do not replicate in vivo the same efficacy obtained in the in vitro assays. Another relevant aspect is the low utilization of the lethality and toxicity tests, which are indispensable so that the knowledge can be spread and applied by the producers in their herds. Thus, this review aims to provide the results from studies carried out in Brazil with extract of plants with potential for control of parasitic disease in goats and sheep, describing the main evaluated plants species, mechanisms of action, preparation forms and tests of efficacy, toxicity, and lethality.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A utilização de plantas medicinais como método terapêutico no controle de enfermidades tem sido crescente na produção animal. No caso de pequenos ruminantes, as verminoses representam uma grande preocupação, visto que são consideradas o maior problema sanitário, especialmente quando se considera o fenômeno da resistência dos parasitas aos fármacos utilizados. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de controle endoparasitário em caprinos e ovinos tem se tornado uma necessidade premente. O uso de plantas para controlar as endoparasitoses pode reduzir o uso de insumos químicos, tornando a atividade pecuária mais ambientalmente sustentável, minimizando a ocorrência da resistência parasitária aos medicamentos convencionais e contribuindo para redução dos custos de produção. Nesse sentido, diversos estudos têm sido executados a fim de se avaliar a atividade in vitro e in vivo de plantas com potencial anti-helmíntico. Contudo, a despeito da potencialidade verificada em muitos estudos, os resultados são, por vezes, contraditórios ou não reproduzem in vivo a mesma eficácia obtida nos ensaios in vitro. Outro aspecto relevante é a baixa utilização dos testes de letalidade e toxicidade, indispensáveis para que o conhecimento possa ser difundido e aplicado pelos produtores rurais. Assim, essa revisão visa fornecer os resultados obtidos nos estudos realizados no Brasil com extratos de plantas com potencial para controle de verminose em caprinos e ovinos, descrevendo as principais espécies vegetais avaliadas, mecanismos de ação, formas de preparo e os testes de eficácia, toxicidade e letalidade.

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          The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review.

          Saponins are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides, common in a large number of plants and plant products that are important in human and animal nutrition. Several biological effects have been ascribed to saponins. Extensive research has been carried out into the membrane-permeabilising, immunostimulant, hypocholesterolaemic and anticarcinogenic properties of saponins and they have also been found to significantly affect growth, feed intake and reproduction in animals. These structurally diverse compounds have also been observed to kill protozoans and molluscs, to be antioxidants, to impair the digestion of protein and the uptake of vitamins and minerals in the gut, to cause hypoglycaemia, and to act as antifungal and antiviral agents. These compounds can thus affect animals in a host of different ways both positive and negative.
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            The effects of tannin-rich plants on parasitic nematodes in ruminants.

            Apart from the obvious role of plants in herbivore nutrition, they are also a rich source of bioactive products that can operate either to the benefit or the detriment of grazing animals. Here, we review the available evidence for the potential beneficial effects that plant-derived bioactive substances can have on gastrointestinal parasites. Tannin-rich plants have attracted most attention for their effect on internal nematodes in ruminants. These plants could act through direct antiparasitic activity but might also act indirectly by increasing host resistance. The effects vary with the species of plant, parasite and host. More research is required to understand better the mechanisms of action, and therefore make more pertinent use of these bioactive plants in livestock systems.
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              The Allium test as a standard in environmental monitoring

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbspa
                Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal
                Rev. bras. saúde prod. anim.
                UFBA - Universidade Federal da Bahia (Salvador, BA, Brazil )
                1519-9940
                April 2019
                : 20
                : 0
                : e0232019
                Affiliations
                [1] Itapetinga Bahia orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia Brazil
                [4] Vitória da Conquista orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia orgdiv1Departamento de Biologia Geral Brazil
                [3] Vitória da Conquista Bahia orgnameFaculdade de Tecnología e Ciências orgdiv1Colegiado de Medicina Veterinária Brazil
                [2] Vitória da Conquista orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia orgdiv1Departamento de Fitotecnia e Zootecnia Brazil
                Article
                S1519-99402019000100806
                10.1590/s1519-9940200232019
                4ecd4aaf-a659-4220-8cb9-d44d6bd63c25

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 October 2018
                : 05 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 104, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Animal Production and Environment

                antiparasitics,biological assays,goat,medicinal plants,sheep,antiparasitários,ensaios biológicos,caprinos,plantas medicinais,ovinos

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